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Chain-of-thought reasoning in large language models can trigger an "overthinking trap": longer rollouts raise cost and latency yet often yield unreliable accuracy gains. Existing methods use global, static controls that may suppress needed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Hanyu Li , Jiangshan Duo , Bofei Gao , Hailin Zhang , Sujian Li , Xiaotie Deng , Liang Zhao

The performance of reinforcement learning depends upon designing an appropriate action space, where the effect of each action is measurable, yet, granular enough to permit flexible behavior. So far, this process involved non-trivial user…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Edoardo Cetin , Oya Celiktutan

In reinforcement learning, an agent interacts sequentially with an environment to maximize a reward, receiving only partial, probabilistic feedback. This creates a fundamental exploration-exploitation trade-off: the agent must explore to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Josep Lumbreras , Ruo Cheng Huang , Yanglin Hu , Marco Fanizza , Mile Gu

We study automated intrusion prevention using reinforcement learning. In a novel approach, we formulate the problem of intrusion prevention as an optimal stopping problem. This formulation allows us insight into the structure of the optimal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Kim Hammar , Rolf Stadler

We study the problem of how to construct a set of policies that can be composed together to solve a collection of reinforcement learning tasks. Each task is a different reward function defined as a linear combination of known features. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Tom Zahavy , Andre Barreto , Daniel J Mankowitz , Shaobo Hou , Brendan O'Donoghue , Iurii Kemaev , Satinder Singh

There is a growing desire in the field of reinforcement learning (and machine learning in general) to move from black-box models toward more "interpretable AI." We improve interpretability of reinforcement learning by increasing the utility…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Aaron M. Roth , Nicholay Topin , Pooyan Jamshidi , Manuela Veloso

We study the optimal sample complexity in large-scale Reinforcement Learning (RL) problems with policy space generalization, i.e. the agent has a prior knowledge that the optimal policy lies in a known policy space. Existing results show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Wenlong Mou , Zheng Wen , Xi Chen

In many real-world applications, reinforcement learning (RL) agents might have to solve multiple tasks, each one typically modeled via a reward function. If reward functions are expressed linearly, and the agent has previously learned a set…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-24 Lucas N. Alegre , Ana L. C. Bazzan , Bruno C. da Silva

Empowerment quantifies the influence an agent has on its environment. This is formally achieved by the maximum of the expected KL-divergence between the distribution of the successor state conditioned on a specific action and a distribution…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-09-29 Maximilian Karl , Justin Bayer , Patrick van der Smagt

Reinforcement learning (RL) methods have been shown to be capable of learning intelligent behavior in rich domains. However, this has largely been done in simulated domains without adequate focus on the process of building the simulator. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-24 Aditya Modi , Nan Jiang , Ambuj Tewari , Satinder Singh

Choosing an appropriate representation of the environment for the underlying decision-making process of the reinforcement learning agent is not always straightforward. The state representation should be inclusive enough to allow the agent…

We present an end-to-end framework for the Assignment Problem with multiple tasks mapped to a group of workers, using reinforcement learning while preserving many constraints. Tasks and workers have time constraints and there is a cost…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Sharmin Pathan , Vyom Shrivastava

In this paper, we consider controlled linear dynamical systems in which the controller has only access to a compressed version of the system state. The technical problem we investigate is that of allocating compression resources over time…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-16 Li Wang , Chao Zhang , Samson Lasaulce , Lina Bariah , Merouane Debbah

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is widely recognized as sample-inefficient, a limitation attributable in part to the high dimensionality and substantial functional redundancy inherent to the policy parameter space. A recent framework,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Andrea Fraschini , Davide Tenedini , Riccardo Zamboni , Mirco Mutti , Marcello Restelli

State-of-the-art model-based reinforcement learning methods train policies on imagined rollouts. These rollouts are trajectories generated by a learned dynamics model and are scored by a learned reward model, but without querying the true…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Nadav Timor , Ravid Shwartz-Ziv , Micah Goldblum , Yann LeCun , David Harel

A key capability of intelligent agents is operating under partial observability: reasoning and acting effectively despite missing or incomplete state observations. While recurrent (memory-based) policies learned via reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 David Leeftink , Max Hinne , Marcel van Gerven

Among the great successes of Reinforcement Learning (RL), self-play algorithms play an essential role in solving competitive games. Current self-play algorithms optimize the agent to maximize expected win-rates against its current or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Yuhua Jiang , Qihan Liu , Xiaoteng Ma , Chenghao Li , Yiqin Yang , Jun Yang , Bin Liang , Qianchuan Zhao

Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) is mainly studied in a setting where the training and the testing environments are similar. But in many practical applications, these environments may differ. For instance, in control systems, the robot(s)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Jean-Baptiste Gaya , Laure Soulier , Ludovic Denoyer

Reinforcement learning offers the promise of automating the acquisition of complex behavioral skills. However, compared to commonly used and well-understood supervised learning methods, reinforcement learning algorithms can be brittle,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Aviral Kumar , Xue Bin Peng , Sergey Levine

We study the problem of learning a good set of policies, so that when combined together, they can solve a wide variety of unseen reinforcement learning tasks with no or very little new data. Specifically, we consider the framework of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Safa Alver , Doina Precup