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Predictive models may generate biased predictions when classifying imbalanced datasets. This happens when the model favors the majority class, leading to low performance in accurately predicting the minority class. To address this issue,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Mustafa Cavus , Przemysław Biecek

This work aims to analyze standard evaluation practices adopted by the research community when assessing chest x-ray classifiers, particularly focusing on the impact of class imbalance in such appraisals. Our analysis considers a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Candelaria Mosquera , Luciana Ferrer , Diego Milone , Daniel Luna , Enzo Ferrante

Financial distress prediction remains a significant challenge in enterprise risk analysis due to the highly imbalanced nature of real-world financial datasets, where bankrupt or distressed firms typically constitute only a small minority of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Karan Sehgal , Khawar Naveed Bhatti

When developing risk prediction models, shrinkage methods are recommended, especially when the sample size is limited. Several earlier studies have shown that the shrinkage of model coefficients can reduce overfitting of the prediction…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-07-29 Ben Van Calster , Maarten van Smeden , Ewout W. Steyerberg

The class-imbalance issue is intrinsic to many real-world machine learning tasks, particularly to the rare-event classification problems. Although the impact and treatment of imbalanced data is widely known, the magnitude of a metric's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Azim Ahmadzadeh , Rafal A. Angryk

Machine learning models are typically deployed in a test setting that differs from the training setting, potentially leading to decreased model performance because of domain shift. If we could estimate the performance that a pre-trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Zeju Li , Konstantinos Kamnitsas , Mobarakol Islam , Chen Chen , Ben Glocker

This study proposes a method for imbalanced data classification based on deep probabilistic graphical models (DPGMs) to solve the problem that traditional methods have insufficient learning ability for minority class samples. To address the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Yujia Lou , Jie Liu , Yuan Sheng , Jiawei Wang , Yiwei Zhang , Yaokun Ren

For classification problems with significant class imbalance, subsampling can reduce computational costs at the price of inflated variance in estimating model parameters. We propose a method for subsampling efficiently for logistic…

Computation · Statistics 2014-09-24 William Fithian , Trevor Hastie

In predictive tasks, real-world datasets often present different degrees of imbalanced (i.e., long-tailed or skewed) distributions. While the majority (the head) classes have sufficient samples, the minority (the tail) classes can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Chongsheng Zhang , Paolo Soda , Jingjun Bi , Gaojuan Fan , George Almpanidis , Salvador Garcia

Learning from imbalanced data is a challenging task. Standard classification algorithms tend to perform poorly when trained on imbalanced data. Some special strategies need to be adopted, either by modifying the data distribution or by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-26 Asif Newaz , Shahriar Hassan , Farhan Shahriyar Haq

Class imbalance poses a significant challenge in classification tasks, where traditional approaches often lead to biased models and unreliable predictions. Undersampling and oversampling techniques have been commonly employed to address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Matt Clifford , Jonathan Erskine , Alexander Hepburn , Raúl Santos-Rodríguez , Dario Garcia-Garcia

We study the effect of one type of imbalance often present in real-life multilingual classification datasets: an uneven distribution of labels across languages. We show evidence that fine-tuning a transformer-based Large Language Model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Vincent Jung , Lonneke van der Plas

In many real-world pattern recognition scenarios, such as in medical applications, the corresponding classification tasks can be of an imbalanced nature. In the current study, we focus on binary, imbalanced classification tasks, i.e.~binary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Peter Bellmann , Heinke Hihn , Daniel A. Braun , Friedhelm Schwenker

Class imbalance remains a major challenge in machine learning, especially in multi-class problems with long-tailed distributions. Existing methods, such as data resampling, cost-sensitive techniques, and logistic loss modifications, though…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Corinna Cortes , Anqi Mao , Mehryar Mohri , Yutao Zhong

Training of deep neural networks heavily depends on the data distribution. In particular, the networks easily suffer from class imbalance. The trained networks would recognize the frequent classes better than the infrequent classes. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-12 Byungju Kim , Junmo Kim

Spurious correlations that lead models to correct predictions for the wrong reasons pose a critical challenge for robust real-world generalization. Existing research attributes this issue to group imbalance and addresses it by maximizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Miaoyun Zhao , Chenrong Li , Qiang Zhang

A common issue for classification in scientific research and industry is the existence of imbalanced classes. When sample sizes of different classes are imbalanced in training data, naively implementing a classification method often leads…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-02 Yang Feng , Min Zhou , Xin Tong

Credit risk prediction is an effective way of evaluating whether a potential borrower will repay a loan, particularly in peer-to-peer lending where class imbalance problems are prevalent. However, few credit risk prediction models for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-03 Anahita Namvar , Mohammad Siami , Fethi Rabhi , Mohsen Naderpour

Class imbalanced datasets are common in real-world applications that range from credit card fraud detection to rare disease diagnostics. Several popular classification algorithms assume that classes are approximately balanced, and hence…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-09-10 Val Andrei Fajardo , David Findlay , Roshanak Houmanfar , Charu Jaiswal , Jiaxi Liang , Honglei Xie

In many classification settings, the class of primary interest is underrepresented, leading to imbalanced data problems that arise in applications such as rare disease detection and fraud identification. In these contexts, identifying a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-06 Daniel Fraiman , Ricardo Fraiman