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Presented below is an interesting type of associative memory called toggle memory based on the concept of T flip flops, as opposed to D flip flops. Toggle memory supports both reversible programming and charge recovery. Circuits designed…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2007-05-23 John Robert Burger

Continuous vector representations of words and objects appear to carry surprisingly rich semantic content. In this paper, we advance both the conceptual and theoretical understanding of word embeddings in three ways. First, we ground…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2015-09-22 Tatsunori B. Hashimoto , David Alvarez-Melis , Tommi S. Jaakkola

The goal of this paper is to develop an estimate for the entropy of random long-range correlated symbolic sequences with elements belonging to a finite alphabet. As a plausible model, we use the high-order additive stationary ergodic Markov…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-12-12 S. S. Melnik , O. V. Usatenko

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at extracting common patterns from large-scale corpora, yet they struggle with rare, low-resource, or previously unseen scenarios-such as niche hardware deployment issues or irregular IoT device…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Hong Su

This paper proposes a novel entropy encoding technique for lossless data compression. Representing a message string by its lexicographic index in the permutations of its symbols results in a compressed version matching Shannon entropy of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-03-24 Abu Bakar Siddique

Neural Turing Machines (NTM) contain memory component that simulates "working memory" in the brain to store and retrieve information to ease simple algorithms learning. So far, only linearly organized memory is proposed, and during…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-10-27 Wei Zhang , Yang Yu , Bowen Zhou

Algorithm extraction aims to synthesize executable programs directly from models trained on algorithmic tasks, enabling de novo algorithm discovery without relying on human-written code. However, applying this paradigm to Transformer is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Yifan Zhang , Wei Bi , Kechi Zhang , Dongming Jin , Jie Fu , Zhi Jin

Humans learn and form memories in stochastic environments. Auto-associative memory systems model these processes by storing patterns and later recovering them from corrupted versions. Here, memories are learned by associating each pattern…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-02 Qin He , Jing Shuang Li

Over the last few years, machine learning unlocked previously infeasible features for compression, such as providing guarantees for users' privacy or tailoring compression to specific data statistics (e.g., satellite images or audio…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Gergely Flamich

We consider the task of constructing a data structure for associating a static set of keys with values, while allowing arbitrary output values for queries involving keys outside the set. Compared to hash tables, these so-called static…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Stefan Hermann , Hans-Peter Lehmann , Giorgio Vinciguerra , Stefan Walzer

Transfer entropy is used to establish a measure of causal relationships between two variables. Symbolic transfer entropy, as an estimation method for transfer entropy, is widely applied due to its robustness against non-stationarity. This…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Dian Jin

We present a symbolic learning framework inspired by cognitive-like memory functionalities (i.e., storing, retrieving, consolidating and forgetting) to generate task representations to support high-level task planning and knowledge…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Luca Buoncompagni , Fulvio Mastrogiovanni

The ability of artificial agents to increment their capabilities when confronted with new data is an open challenge in artificial intelligence. The main challenge faced in such cases is catastrophic forgetting, i.e., the tendency of neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-16 Eden Belouadah , Adrian Popescu , Ioannis Kanellos

Entropy rate of sequential data-streams naturally quantifies the complexity of the generative process. Thus entropy rate fluctuations could be used as a tool to recognize dynamical perturbations in signal sources, and could potentially be…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-03-24 Ishanu Chattopadhyay , Hod Lipson

Continuous-Time Recurrent Neural Networks (CTRNNs) have been widely used for their capacity to model complex temporal behaviour. However, their internal dynamics often remain difficult to interpret. In this paper, we propose a new class of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-11-17 Miguel Aguilera , Daniele De Martino , Ivan Garashchuk , Dmitry Sinelshchikov

Large language models demonstrate remarkable ability in factual recall, yet the fundamental limits of storing and retrieving input--output associations with neural networks remain unclear. We study these limits in a minimal setting: a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-12 Alessio Giorlandino , Sebastian Goldt , Antoine Maillard

Deep neural networks (DNN) trained in a supervised way suffer from two known problems. First, the minima of the objective function used in learning correspond to data points (also known as rubbish examples or fooling images) that lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-27 Dmitry Krotov , John J Hopfield

Compression and efficient storage of neural network (NN) parameters is critical for applications that run on resource-constrained devices. Despite the significant progress in NN model compression, there has been considerably less…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Berivan Isik , Kristy Choi , Xin Zheng , Tsachy Weissman , Stefano Ermon , H. -S. Philip Wong , Armin Alaghi

Recurrent connections in the visual cortex are thought to aid object recognition when part of the stimulus is occluded. Here we investigate if and how recurrent connections in artificial neural networks similarly aid object recognition. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-12 Markus Roland Ernst , Jochen Triesch , Thomas Burwick

We study various models of associative memories with sparse information, i.e. a pattern to be stored is a random string of $0$s and $1$s with about $\log N$ $1$s, only. We compare different synaptic weights, architectures and retrieval…

Probability · Mathematics 2016-06-27 Vincent Gripon , Judith Heusel , Matthias Löwe , Franck Vermet