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Deep neural networks (DNNs) exhibit a surprising structure in their final layer known as neural collapse (NC), and a growing body of works has currently investigated the propagation of neural collapse to earlier layers of DNNs -- a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Peter Súkeník , Marco Mondelli , Christoph Lampert

Neural Collapse is a phenomenon where the last-layer representations of a well-trained neural network converge to a highly structured geometry. In this paper, we focus on its first (and most basic) property, known as NC1: the within-class…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Diyuan Wu , Marco Mondelli

The recently discovered Neural Collapse (NC) phenomenon occurs pervasively in today's deep net training paradigm of driving cross-entropy (CE) loss towards zero. During NC, last-layer features collapse to their class-means, both classifiers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-11 X. Y. Han , Vardan Papyan , David L. Donoho

Neural Collapse refers to the curious phenomenon in the end of training of a neural network, where feature vectors and classification weights converge to a very simple geometrical arrangement (a simplex). While it has been observed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Jingtong Su , Ya Shi Zhang , Nikolaos Tsilivis , Julia Kempe

Modern deep neural networks have achieved impressive performance on tasks from image classification to natural language processing. Surprisingly, these complex systems with massive amounts of parameters exhibit the same structural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Hien Dang , Tho Tran , Stanley Osher , Hung Tran-The , Nhat Ho , Tan Nguyen

Recent work has observed an intriguing ''Neural Collapse'' phenomenon in well-trained neural networks, where the last-layer representations of training samples with the same label collapse into each other. This appears to suggest that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Yongyi Yang , Jacob Steinhardt , Wei Hu

The current paradigm of training deep neural networks for classification tasks includes minimizing the empirical risk that pushes the training loss value towards zero, even after the training error has been vanished. In this terminal phase…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Hien Dang , Tho Tran , Tan Nguyen , Nhat Ho

Unsupervised neural grammar induction aims to learn interpretable hierarchical structures from language data. However, existing models face an expressiveness bottleneck, often resulting in unnecessarily large yet underperforming grammars.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Jinwook Park , Kangil Kim

There has been a long history of works showing that neural networks have hard time extrapolating beyond the training set. A recent study by Balestriero et al. (2021) challenges this view: defining interpolation as the state of belonging to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Laurent Bonnasse-Gahot

We study the ability of foundation models to learn representations for classification that are transferable to new, unseen classes. Recent results in the literature show that representations learned by a single classifier over many classes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Tomer Galanti , András György , Marcus Hutter

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have become increasingly popular for classification tasks on graph-structured data. Yet, the interplay between graph topology and feature evolution in GNNs is not well understood. In this paper, we focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Vignesh Kothapalli , Tom Tirer , Joan Bruna

We formalize and study a phenomenon called feature collapse that makes precise the intuitive idea that entities playing a similar role in a learning task receive similar representations. As feature collapse requires a notion of task, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Thomas Laurent , James H. von Brecht , Xavier Bresson

Neural collapse ($\mathcal{NC}$) is a phenomenon observed in classification tasks where top-layer representations collapse into their class means, which become equinorm, equiangular and aligned with the classifiers. These behaviours --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Robert Wu , Vardan Papyan

The training dynamics of deep neural networks often defy expectations, even as these models form the foundation of modern machine learning. Two prominent examples are grokking, where test performance improves abruptly long after the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Keitaro Sakamoto , Issei Sato

With the ever-increasing complexity of large-scale pre-trained models coupled with a shortage of labeled data for downstream training, transfer learning has become the primary approach in many fields, including natural language processing,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Xiao Li , Sheng Liu , Jinxin Zhou , Xinyu Lu , Carlos Fernandez-Granda , Zhihui Zhu , Qing Qu

Recent advances in theoretical Deep Learning have introduced geometric properties that occur during training, past the Interpolation Threshold -- where the training error reaches zero. We inquire into the phenomena coined Neural Collapse in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Ido Ben-Shaul , Shai Dekel

Meta-learning frameworks for few-shot learning aims to learn models that can learn new skills or adapt to new environments rapidly with a few training examples. This has led to the generalizability of the developed model towards new classes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Saaketh Medepalli , Naren Doraiswamy

We provide the first global optimization landscape analysis of $Neural\;Collapse$ -- an intriguing empirical phenomenon that arises in the last-layer classifiers and features of neural networks during the terminal phase of training. As…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Zhihui Zhu , Tianyu Ding , Jinxin Zhou , Xiao Li , Chong You , Jeremias Sulam , Qing Qu

What scaling limits govern neural network training dynamics when model size and training time grow in tandem? We show that despite the complex interactions between architecture, training algorithms, and data, compute-optimally trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Shikai Qiu , Lechao Xiao , Andrew Gordon Wilson , Jeffrey Pennington , Atish Agarwala

Neural collapse describes the geometry of activation in the final layer of a deep neural network when it is trained beyond performance plateaus. Open questions include whether neural collapse leads to better generalization and, if so, why…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Siwei Wang , Stephanie E Palmer