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As an emerging approach to explore the vulnerability of deep neural networks (DNNs), backdoor learning has attracted increasing interest in recent years, and many seminal backdoor attack and defense algorithms are being developed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Baoyuan Wu , Hongrui Chen , Mingda Zhang , Zihao Zhu , Shaokui Wei , Danni Yuan , Mingli Zhu , Ruotong Wang , Li Liu , Chao Shen

Over the last two decades, propositional satisfiability (SAT) has become one of the most successful and widely applied techniques for the solution of NP-complete problems. The aim of this paper is to investigate theoretically how Sat can be…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-05-06 Johannes Klaus Fichte , Stefan Szeider

Backdoor attacks pose a significant threat to Large Language Models (LLMs), where adversaries can embed hidden triggers to manipulate LLM's outputs. Most existing defense methods, primarily designed for classification tasks, are ineffective…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zihan Wang , Rui Zhang , Hongwei Li , Wenshu Fan , Wenbo Jiang , Qingchuan Zhao , Guowen Xu

We establish an explicit link between depth-3 formulas and one-sided approximation by depth-2 formulas, which were previously studied independently. Specifically, we show that the minimum size of depth-3 formulas is (up to a factor of n)…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-05-11 Shuichi Hirahara

The success of a deep neural network (DNN) heavily relies on the details of the training scheme; e.g., training data, architectures, hyper-parameters, etc. Recent backdoor attacks suggest that an adversary can take advantage of such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Nazmul Karim , Abdullah Al Arafat , Umar Khalid , Zhishan Guo , Naznin Rahnavard

We thoroughly study a novel but basic combinatorial matrix completion problem: Given a binary incomplete matrix, fill in the missing entries so that every pair of rows in the resulting matrix has a Hamming distance within a specified range.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Tomohiro Koana , Vincent Froese , Rolf Niedermeier

With extensive studies on backdoor attack and detection, still fundamental questions are left unanswered regarding the limits in the adversary's capability to attack and the defender's capability to detect. We believe that answers to these…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Di Tang , Rui Zhu , XiaoFeng Wang , Haixu Tang , Yi Chen

Over the years complexity theorists have proposed many structural parameters to explain the surprising efficiency of conflict-driven clause-learning (CDCL) SAT solvers on a wide variety of large industrial Boolean instances. While some of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-06-28 Edward Zulkoski , Ruben Martins , Christoph Wintersteiger , Robert Robere , Jia Liang , Krzysztof Czarnecki , Vijay Ganesh

Parity-SAT is the problem of determining whether a given CNF formula has an odd number of satisfying assignments. As a canonical $\oplus$P-complete problem, it represents a fundamental variant of the exact model counting problem (#SAT).…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Sanjay Jain , Junqiang Peng , Frank Stephan , Haoyun Tang , Mingyu Xiao

Backdoor attacks pose severe security threats to deep neural networks by embedding malicious triggers that force misclassification. While machine unlearning techniques can remove backdoor behaviors, current methods lack transparency and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Tien Dat Hoang

A backbone of a propositional CNF formula is a variable whose truth value is the same in every truth assignment that satisfies the formula. The notion of backbones for CNF formulas has been studied in various contexts. In this paper, we…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-07-21 Ronald de Haan , Iyad Kanj , Stefan Szeider

Backdoor attacks have posed a significant threat to the security of deep neural networks (DNNs). Despite considerable strides in developing defenses against backdoor attacks in the visual domain, the specialized defenses for the audio…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Nanjun Zhou , Weilin Lin , Li Liu

We extend the notion of a strong backdoor from the CSP setting to the Valued CSP setting (VCSP, for short). This provides a means for augmenting a class of tractable VCSP instances to instances that are outside the class but of small…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-12-20 Robert Ganian , M. S. Ramanujan , Stefan Szeider

Invariant inference algorithms such as interpolation-based inference and IC3/PDR show that it is feasible, in practice, to find inductive invariants for many interesting systems, but non-trivial upper bounds on the computational complexity…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Yotam M. Y. Feldman , Sharon Shoham

Backdoor learning is an emerging and vital topic for studying deep neural networks' vulnerability (DNNs). Many pioneering backdoor attack and defense methods are being proposed, successively or concurrently, in the status of a rapid arms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Baoyuan Wu , Hongrui Chen , Mingda Zhang , Zihao Zhu , Shaokui Wei , Danni Yuan , Chao Shen

We show that the CNF satisfiability problem can be solved $O^*(1.2226^m)$ time, where $m$ is the number of clauses in the formula, improving the known upper bounds $O^*(1.234^m)$ given by Yamamoto 15 years ago and $O^*(1.239^m)$ given by…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-07-09 Huairui Chu , Mingyu Xiao , Zhe Zhang

In Verification and in (optimal) AI Planning, a successful method is to formulate the application as boolean satisfiability (SAT), and solve it with state-of-the-art DPLL-based procedures. There is a lack of understanding of why this works…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-01-11 Joerg Hoffmann , Carla Gomes , Bart Selman

Selman and Kautz's work on ``knowledge compilation'' established how approximation (strengthening and/or weakening) of a propositional knowledge-base can be used to speed up query processing, at the expense of completeness. In this…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-08-14 Kevin Henshall , Peter Schachte , Harald Søndergaard , Leigh Whiting

There have been several recent attempts to improve the accuracy of grammar induction systems by bounding the recursive complexity of the induction model (Ponvert et al., 2011; Noji and Johnson, 2016; Shain et al., 2016; Jin et al., 2018).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Lifeng Jin , Finale Doshi-Velez , Timothy Miller , William Schuler , Lane Schwartz

Deep Neural Networks (DNN) are becoming increasingly more important in assisted and automated driving. Using such entities which are obtained using machine learning is inevitable: tasks such as recognizing traffic signs cannot be developed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Akshay Dhonthi , Ernst Moritz Hahn , Vahid Hashemi