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Reachability in pushdown vector addition systems with states (PVASS) is among the longest standing open problems in Theoretical Computer Science. We show that the problem is decidable in full generality. Our decision procedure is similar in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Roland Guttenberg , Eren Keskin , Roland Meyer

We consider the model of one-dimensional Pushdown Vector Addition Systems (1-PVAS), a fundamental computational model simulating both recursive and concurrent behaviours. Our main result is decidability of the reachability problem for…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Clotilde Bizière , Wojciech Czerwiński

We investigate the reachability problem in symmetric vector addition systems with states (VASS), where transitions are invariant under a group of permutations of coordinates. One extremal case, the trivial groups, yields general VASS. In…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Łukasz Kamiński , Sławomir Lasota

Vectors addition systems with states (VASS), or equivalently Petri nets, are arguably one of the most studied formalisms for the modeling and analysis of concurrent systems. A central decision problem for VASS is reachability: whether there…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Clotilde Bizière , Thibault Hilaire , Jérôme Leroux , Grégoire Sutre

A pushdown vector addition system with states (PVASS) extends the model of vector addition systems with a pushdown store. A PVASS is said to be \emph{bidirected} if every transition (pushing/popping a symbol or modifying a counter) has an…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Moses Ganardi , Rupak Majumdar , Andreas Pavlogiannis , Lia Schütze , Georg Zetzsche

Vector addition systems (VAS) constitute an important model of computation and concurrency that is equally expressive as the Petri net model. Recently, a lot of research has been conducted on vector addition systems with states (VASS),…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Weijun Chen , Yuxi Fu , Yangluo Zheng

In the language-theoretic approach to refinement verification, we check that the language of traces of an implementation all belong to the language of a specification. We consider the refinement verification problem for asynchronous…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Pascal Baumann , Moses Ganardi , Rupak Majumdar , Ramanathan S. Thinniyam , Georg Zetzsche

Vector Addition Systems with States (VASS), equivalent to Petri nets, are a well-established model of concurrency. The central algorithmic challenge in VASS is the reachability problem: is there a run from a given starting state and counter…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Dmitry Chistikov , Wojciech Czerwiński , Filip Mazowiecki , Łukasz Orlikowski , Henry Sinclair-Banks , Karol Węgrzycki

Well-structured transition systems (WSTS) are an abstract family of systems that encompasses a vast landscape of infinite-state systems. By requiring a well-quasi-ordering (wqo) on the set of states, a WSTS enables generic algorithms for…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Ashwani Anand , Sylvain Schmitz , Lia Schütze , Georg Zetzsche

There are many types of automata and grammar models that have been studied in the literature, and for these models, it is common to determine whether certain problems are decidable. One problem that has been difficult to answer throughout…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Oscar H. Ibarra , Ian McQuillan

The reachability problem for vector addition systems is a central problem of net theory. This problem is known to be decidable but the complexity is still unknown. Whereas the problem is EXPSPACE-hard, no elementary upper bounds complexity…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-08-11 Jérôme Leroux

A pushdown vector addition system with states (PVASS) extends the model of vector addition systems with a pushdown stack. The algorithmic analysis of PVASS has applications such as static analysis of recursive programs manipulating integer…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Guillermo A. Perez , Shrisha Rao

Vector addition system with states is an ubiquitous model of computation with extensive applications in computer science. The reachability problem for vector addition systems is central since many other problems reduce to that question. The…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Jérôme Leroux , Grégoire Sutre

We study the complexity of the reachability problem for Vector Addition Systems with States (VASSes) in fixed dimensions. We provide four lower bounds improving the currently known state-of-the-art: 1) \np-hardness for unary flat $4$-VASSes…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Wojciech Czerwiński , Łukasz Orlikowski

Patterns are words with terminals and variables. The language of a pattern is the set of words obtained by uniformly substituting all variables with words that contain only terminals. Length constraints restrict valid substitutions of…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Dirk Nowotka , Max Wiedenhöft

We study pushdown vector addition systems, which are synchronized products of pushdown automata with vector addition systems. The question of the boundedness of the reachability set for this model can be refined into two decision problems…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2015-07-28 Jérôme Leroux , Grégoire Sutre , Patrick Totzke

The reachability problem in vector addition systems is a central question, not only for the static verification of these systems, but also for many inter-reducible decision problems occurring in various fields. The currently best known…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Jérôme Leroux , Sylvain Schmitz

We study the reachability problem for affine $\mathbb{Z}$-VASS, which are integer vector addition systems with states in which transitions perform affine transformations on the counters. This problem is easily seen to be undecidable in…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Michael Blondin , Christoph Haase , Filip Mazowiecki , Mikhail Raskin

An automaton is unambiguous if for every input it has at most one accepting computation. An automaton is k-ambiguous (for k > 0) if for every input it has at most k accepting computations. An automaton is boundedly ambiguous if it is…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Alexander Rabinovich , Doron Tiferet

The geometric dimension of a Vector Addition System with States (VASS), emerged in Leroux and Schmitz (2019) and formalized by Fu, Yang, and Zheng (2024), quantifies the dimension of the vector space spanned by cycle effects in the system.…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Yangluo Zheng