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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across diverse natural language processing tasks, yet their ability to memorize structured knowledge remains underexplored. In this paper, we investigate the extent to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Marco Bombieri , Paolo Fiorini , Simone Paolo Ponzetto , Marco Rospocher

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable generalization across diverse tasks, leading individuals to increasingly use them as personal assistants and universal computing engines. Nevertheless, a notable obstacle emerges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Dimitris Spathis , Fahim Kawsar

While Code Language Models (CLMs) have demonstrated superior performance in software engineering tasks such as code generation and summarization, recent empirical studies reveal a critical privacy vulnerability: these models exhibit…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Zhaoyang Chu , Yao Wan , Zhikun Zhang , Di Wang , Zhou Yang , Hongyu Zhang , Pan Zhou , Xuanhua Shi , Hai Jin , David Lo

This study investigates the efficacy of Large Language Models (LLMs) in causal discovery. Using newly available open-source LLMs, OLMo and BLOOM, which provide access to their pre-training corpora, we investigate how LLMs address causal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Tao Feng , Lizhen Qu , Niket Tandon , Zhuang Li , Xiaoxi Kang , Gholamreza Haffari

Language models are widely deployed to provide automatic text completion services in user products. However, recent research has revealed that language models (especially large ones) bear considerable risk of memorizing private training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-19 C. M. Downey , Wei Dai , Huseyin A. Inan , Kim Laine , Saurabh Naik , Tomasz Religa

Cognitive diversity, reflected in variations of language, perspective, and reasoning, is essential to creativity and collective intelligence. This diversity is rich and grounded in culture, history, and individual experience. Yet as large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Zhivar Sourati , Alireza S. Ziabari , Morteza Dehghani

Large language models (LLMs) are known to memorize parts of their training data, raising important concerns around privacy and security. While previous research has focused on studying memorization in pre-trained models, much less is known…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Simardeep Singh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable abilities in text comprehension and logical reasoning, indicating that the text representations learned by LLMs can facilitate their language processing capabilities. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Yuqi Ren , Renren Jin , Tongxuan Zhang , Deyi Xiong

Post-training quantization reduces the computational demand of Large Language Models (LLMs) but can weaken some of their capabilities. Since LLM abilities emerge with scale, smaller LLMs are more sensitive to quantization. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Mert Yazan , Suzan Verberne , Frederik Situmeang

The lack of transparency about code datasets used to train large language models (LLMs) makes it difficult to detect, evaluate, and mitigate data leakage. We present a perturbation-based method to quantify memorization advantage in code…

Large language models often fail to satisfy formatting instructions when they must simultaneously perform demanding tasks. We study this behaviour through a prospective memory inspired lens from cognitive psychology, using a controlled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Avni Mittal

Large Language Models (LLMs) have a privacy concern because they memorize training data (including personally identifiable information (PII) like emails and phone numbers) and leak it during inference. A company can train an LLM on its…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Jaydeep Borkar

Recent works have shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) have a tendency to memorize patterns and biases present in their training data, raising important questions about how such memorized content influences model behavior. One such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Shanshan Xu , T. Y. S. S Santosh , Yanai Elazar , Quirin Vogel , Barbara Plank , Matthias Grabmair

Quantification has been proven to be a particularly difficult linguistic phenomenon for (Multimodal) Large Language Models (MLLMs). However, given that quantification interfaces with the logic, pragmatic, and numerical domains, the exact…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Raquel Montero , Natalia Moskvina , Paolo Morosi , Tamara Serrano , Elena Pagliarini , Evelina Leivada

Neural networks often learn simple explanations that fit the majority of the data while memorizing exceptions that deviate from these explanations.This behavior leads to poor generalization when the learned explanations rely on spurious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Reza Bayat , Mohammad Pezeshki , Elvis Dohmatob , David Lopez-Paz , Pascal Vincent

Genomic language models (GLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for learning representations of DNA sequences, enabling advances in variant prediction, regulatory element identification, and cross-task transfer learning. However, as these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Alexander Nemecek , Wenbiao Li , Xiaoqian Jiang , Jaideep Vaidya , Erman Ayday

Sequence models, such as Large Language Models (LLMs) and autoregressive image generators, have a tendency to memorize and inadvertently leak sensitive information. While this tendency has critical legal implications, existing tools are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Lorenzo Rossi , Michael Aerni , Jie Zhang , Florian Tramèr

Deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) on edge or mobile devices offers significant benefits, such as enhanced data privacy and real-time processing capabilities. However, it also faces critical challenges due to the substantial memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Yu Mao , Weilan Wang , Hongchao Du , Nan Guan , Chun Jason Xue

Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results in text annotation using zero-shot and few-shot learning. Yet these approaches do not allow the model to retain information from previous annotations, making each response…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Joan C. Timoneda , Sebastián Vallejo Vera

Training data plays a pivotal role in AI models. Large language models (LLMs) are trained with massive amounts of documents, and their parameters hold document-related contents. Recently, several studies identified content-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Bumjin Park , Jaesik Choi