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Space radiation is one of the major obstacles to space exploration. If not mitigated, radiation can interact both with biological and electronic systems, inducing damage and posing significant risk to space missions. Countermeasures can…

Space Physics · Physics 2026-02-05 Enrico Pierobon , Luca Lunati , Tim Wagner , Marco Durante , Christoph Schuy

Non-thermal (relativistic) particles are injected into the cosmos by structure formation shock waves, active galactic nuclei and stellar explosions. We present a suite of unigrid cosmological simulations (up to $2048^3$) using a two-fluid…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2014-03-05 Franco Vazza , Claudio Gheller , Marcus Brüggen

Cosmic rays (CRs) can significantly impact dense molecular clouds in galaxies, heating the interstellar medium (ISM) and altering its chemistry, ionization, and thermal properties. Their influence is particularly relevant in environments…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2026-05-20 E. Koutsoumpou , J. A. Fernández-Ontiveros , K. M. Dasyra , L. Spinoglio

We present a Monte Carlo study of galactic cosmic-ray (GCR) energy deposition and its implications for stratospheric chemistry, performed with the Geant4 toolkit. Primary nuclei (protons, $\alpha$, CNO, and Si) were propagated through an…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-03-24 Luiz Augusto Stuani Pereira , Rita C. Anjos

Previously reported nanodosimetric measurements of therapeutic-energy carbon ions penetrating simulated tissue have produced results that are incompatible with the predicted mean energy of the carbon ions in the nanodosimeter and previous…

Medical Physics · Physics 2025-10-27 Miriam Schwarze , Gerhard Hilgers , Hans Rabus

Supernova remnants (SNRs) are one of the most energetic astrophysical events and are thought to be the dominant source of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs). A recent report on observations from the Fermi satellite has shown a signature of pion…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-08-26 Soonyoung Roh , Shu-ichiro Inutsuka , Tsuyoshi Inoue

Cosmic rays (CRs) are an integral component of the interstellar medium, producing broadband emission while interacting with other Galactic matter components like the interstellar gas or magnetic fields. In addition to observations,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-10-12 Julia Thaler , Ralf Kissmann , Olaf Reimer

The spatial diffusion of energetic particles in a magnetic field composed of a large-scale background and a small-scale turbulent component should be expected to be anisotropic. While such anisotropic diffusion has been known for quite a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-17 Julien Dörner , Jonas Hellrung , Julia Becker Tjus , Horst Fichtner

Cosmic rays (CRs) have critical impacts in the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM), driving dynamical motions in low-density plasma and modifying the ionization state, temperature, and chemical composition of higher-density atomic and…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-02-23 Christopher J. Bambic , Xue-Ning Bai , Eve C. Ostriker

Many recent numerical studies have argued that cosmic rays (CRs) from supernovae (SNe) or active galactic nuclei (AGN) could play a crucial role in galaxy formation, in particular by establishing a CR-pressure dominated circum-galactic…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-08-29 Philip F. Hopkins , Iryna S. Butsky , Suoqing Ji , Dusan Keres

Cosmic ray shower detection using large radio arrays has gained significant traction in recent years. With massive improvements in signal modelling and microscopic simulations, the analysis of incoming events is still severely limited by…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-11 Pranav Sampathkumar , Tim Huege , Andreas Haungs , Ralph Engel

Galactic cosmic rays (GCR) are a principal source of ionizing radiation exposure for astronauts during deep space missions. Given the ambition to expand manned space exploration to distant destinations like Mars, it is essential to…

Medical Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 S. Hosseini , M. Sivertz , E. M. Alves , L. M. Carter , M. D. Story

Cosmic rays (CRs) play a decisive role within our own Galaxy. They provide partial pressure support against gravity, they trace past energetic events such as supernovae, and they reveal the underlying structure of the baryonic matter…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Torsten A. Ensslin , Christoph Pfrommer , Volker Springel , Martin Jubelgas

Recent Brain-Machine Interfaces have shifted towards miniature devices that are constructed from nanoscale components. While these devices can be implanted into the brain, their functionalities can be limited, and will require communication…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-11-04 Stefanus Wirdatmadja , Josep Miquel Jornet , Yevgeni Koucheryavy , Sasitharan Balasubramaniam

Cosmic rays (CRs) are ubiquitous in the interstellar medium (ISM) of nearby galaxies, but many of their properties are not well-constrained. Gamma-ray observations provide a powerful tool in this respect, allowing us to constrain both the…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-07-19 Maria Werhahn , Philipp Girichidis , Christoph Pfrommer , Joseph Whittingham

Entering a new era of high-energy gamma-ray experiments, there is an exciting quest for the first detection of gamma-ray emission from clusters of galaxies. To complement these observational efforts, we use high-resolution simulations of a…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-18 Anders Pinzke , Christoph Pfrommer

We use a neural network model and ALMA observations of HCN and HNC to constrain the physical conditions, most notably the cosmic-ray ionization rate (CRIR, zeta), in the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) of the starburst galaxy NGC 253. Using…

General circulation models (GCMs) typically have a grid size of 25--200 km. Parametrizations are used to represent diabatic processes such as radiative transfer and cloud microphysics and account for sub-grid-scale motions and variability.…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2019-10-23 Noah D Brenowitz , Christopher S Bretherton

Context. Carbonaceous nano-grains play a fundamental role in the physico-chemistry of the interstellar medium (ISM) and especially of photon-dominated regions (PDRs). Their properties vary with the local physical conditions and affect the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-10-05 T. Schirmer , N. Ysard , E. Habart , A. P. Jones , A. Abergel , L. Verstraete

We present the first simulations evolving resolved spectra of cosmic rays (CRs) from MeV-TeV energies (including electrons, positrons, (anti)protons, and heavier nuclei), in live kinetic-MHD galaxy simulations with star formation and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-08-29 Philip F. Hopkins , Iryna S. Butsky , Georgia V. Panopoulou , Suoqing Ji , Eliot Quataert , Claude-Andre Faucher-Giguere , Dusan Keres
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