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Large Language Models (LLMs) and Knowledge Graphs (KGs) offer a promising approach to robust and explainable Question Answering (QA). While LLMs excel at natural language understanding, they suffer from knowledge gaps and hallucinations.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Jasper Linders , Jakub M. Tomczak

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in many natural language processing tasks but often exhibit factual inconsistencies in knowledge-intensive settings. Integrating external knowledge resources, particularly knowledge graphs (KGs), provides…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Shuai Wang , Yinan Yu

Question answering (QA) over tables and text has gained much popularity over the years. Multi-hop table-text QA requires multiple hops between the table and text, making it a challenging QA task. Although several works have attempted to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Jayetri Bardhan , Bushi Xiao , Daisy Zhe Wang

Multi-hop question answering (QA) requires systems to iteratively retrieve evidence and reason across multiple hops. While recent RAG and agentic methods report strong results, the underlying retrieval--reasoning \emph{process} is often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Yuelyu Ji , Zhuochun Li , Rui Meng , Daqing He

This paper investigates a new task named Conversational Question Generation (CQG) which is to generate a question based on a passage and a conversation history (i.e., previous turns of question-answer pairs). CQG is a crucial task for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-31 Boyuan Pan , Hao Li , Ziyu Yao , Deng Cai , Huan Sun

Question answering (QA) models for reading comprehension have achieved human-level accuracy on in-distribution test sets. However, they have been demonstrated to lack robustness to challenge sets, whose distribution is different from that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Kazutoshi Shinoda , Saku Sugawara , Akiko Aizawa

Multi-hop Question Answering over Knowledge Graph~(KGQA) aims to find the answer entities that are multiple hops away from the topic entities mentioned in a natural language question on a large-scale Knowledge Graph (KG). To cope with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Jinhao Jiang , Kun Zhou , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

Question answering (QA) models for reading comprehension have been demonstrated to exploit unintended dataset biases such as question-context lexical overlap. This hinders QA models from generalizing to under-represented samples such as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Kazutoshi Shinoda , Saku Sugawara , Akiko Aizawa

When answering complex questions, people can seamlessly combine information from visual, textual and tabular sources. While interest in models that reason over multiple pieces of evidence has surged in recent years, there has been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Alon Talmor , Ori Yoran , Amnon Catav , Dan Lahav , Yizhong Wang , Akari Asai , Gabriel Ilharco , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Jonathan Berant

Many models that leverage knowledge graphs (KGs) have recently demonstrated remarkable success in question answering (QA) tasks. In the real world, many facts contained in KGs are time-constrained thus temporal KGQA has received increasing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Chao Xue , Di Liang , Pengfei Wang , Jing Zhang

Multimodal Multi-hop question answering requires integrating information from diverse sources, such as images and texts, to derive answers. Existing methods typically rely on sequential retrieval and reasoning, where each step builds on the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Yiheng Hu , Xiaoyang Wang , Qing Liu , Xiwei Xu , Qian Fu , Wenjie Zhang , Liming Zhu

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has become a key paradigm for knowledge-intensive question answering. However, existing multi-hop RAG systems remain inefficient, as they alternate between retrieval and reasoning at each step, resulting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Hao Yang , Zhiyu Yang , Xupeng Zhang , Wei Wei , Yunjie Zhang , Lin Yang

Commonsense question answering (QA) research requires machines to answer questions based on commonsense knowledge. However, this research requires expensive labor costs to annotate data as the basis of research, and models that rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Xin Guan , Biwei Cao , Qingqing Gao , Zheng Yin , Bo Liu , Jiuxin Cao

Multi-hop Question Answering (QA) is a challenging task since it requires an accurate aggregation of information from multiple context paragraphs and a thorough understanding of the underlying reasoning chains. Recent work in multi-hop QA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Kaige Xie , Sarah Wiegreffe , Mark Riedl

Automatic question generation (QG) serves a wide range of purposes, such as augmenting question-answering (QA) corpora, enhancing chatbot systems, and developing educational materials. Despite its importance, most existing datasets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Seonjeong Hwang , Yunsu Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee

We introduce a novel retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) framework tailored for multihop question answering. First, our system uses large language model (LLM) to decompose complex multihop questions into a sequence of single-hop…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Seokgi Lee

Knowledge retrieval and reasoning are two key stages in multi-hop question answering (QA) at web scale. Existing approaches suffer from low confidence when retrieving evidence facts to fill the knowledge gap and lack transparent reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-26 Weiwen Xu , Huihui Zhang , Deng Cai , Wai Lam

In this paper, we focus on task-specific question answering (QA). To this end, we introduce a method for generating exhaustive and high-quality training data, which allows us to train compact (e.g., run on a mobile device), task-specific QA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Hai X. Pham , Isma Hadji , Xinnuo Xu , Ziedune Degutyte , Jay Rainey , Evangelos Kazakos , Afsaneh Fazly , Georgios Tzimiropoulos , Brais Martinez

Knowledge graph (KG) question generation (QG) aims to generate natural language questions from KGs and target answers. Previous works mostly focus on a simple setting which is to generate questions from a single KG triple. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Yu Chen , Lingfei Wu , Mohammed J. Zaki

State-of-the-art approaches to reasoning and question answering over knowledge graphs (KGs) usually scale with the number of edges and can only be applied effectively on small instance-dependent subgraphs. In this paper, we address this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Mattia Atzeni , Jasmina Bogojeska , Andreas Loukas