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We study the problem of {\sl certification}: given queries to a function $f : \{0,1\}^n \to \{0,1\}$ with certificate complexity $\le k$ and an input $x^\star$, output a size-$k$ certificate for $f$'s value on $x^\star$. This abstractly…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-04-08 Guy Blanc , Caleb Koch , Jane Lange , Li-Yang Tan

An impressive recent line of work has charted the complexity landscape of distributed graph algorithms. For many settings, it has been determined which time complexities exist, and which do not (in the sense that no local problem could have…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Nicolas Bousquet , Laurent Feuilloley , Sébastien Zeitoun

Distributed certification, whether it be proof-labeling schemes, locally checkable proofs, etc., deals with the issue of certifying the legality of a distributed system with respect to a given boolean predicate. A certificate is assigned to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Pierre Fraigniaud , Pedro Montealegre , Ivan Rapaport , Ioan Todinca

We introduce the {\em certification} of solutions to graph problems when access to the input is restricted. This topic has received a lot of attention in the distributed computing setting, and we introduce it here in the context of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Avinandan Das , Pierre Fraigniaud , Ami Paz , Adi Rosen

In local certification, vertices of a $n$-vertex graph perform a local verification to check if a given property is satisfied by the graph. This verification is performed thanks to certificates, which are pieces of information that are…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Nicolas Bousquet , Sébastien Zeitoun

Certificates to a linear algebra computation are additional data structures for each output, which can be used by a---possibly randomized---verification algorithm that proves the correctness of each output. The certificates are essentially…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2020-01-09 Jean-Guillaume Dumas , Erich Kaltofen

In this work, we provide an upper bound for global certification of graph homomorphism, a generalization of graph coloring. In certification, the nodes of a network should decide if the network satisfies a given property, thanks to small…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Nicolas Bousquet , Laurent Feuilloley , Sébastien Zeitoun

In the framework of distributed network computing, it is known that, for every network predicate, each network configuration that satisfies this predicate can be proved using distributed certificates which can be verified locally. However,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-05-13 Alkida Balliu , Gianlorenzo D'Angelo , Pierre Fraigniaud , Dennis Olivetti

We consider graph properties that can be checked from labels, i.e., bit sequences, of logarithmic length attached to vertices. We prove that there exists such a labeling for checking a first-order formula with free set variables in the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-07-09 Bruno Courcelle , Cyril Gavoille , Mamadou Moustapha Kanté

Introduced by Korman, Kutten, and Peleg (PODC 2005), a proof labeling scheme (PLS) is a distributed verification system dedicated to evaluating if a given configured graph satisfies a certain property. It involves a centralized prover,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-25 Yuval Emek , Yuval Gil , Shay Kutten

Graph clustering has been studied extensively on both plain graphs and attributed graphs. However, all these methods need to partition the whole graph to find cluster structures. Sometimes, based on domain knowledge, people may have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Wei Ye , Dominik Mautz , Christian Boehm , Ambuj Singh , Claudia Plant

In the context of fine-grained complexity, we investigate the notion of certificate enabling faster polynomial-time algorithms. We specifically target radius (minimum eccentricity), diameter (maximum eccentricity), and all-eccentricity…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Feodor F. Dragan , Guillaume Ducoffe , Michel Habib , Laurent Viennot

Distributed proofs are mechanisms enabling the nodes of a network to collectivity and efficiently check the correctness of Boolean predicates on the structure of the network, or on data-structures distributed over the nodes (e.g., spanning…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Laurent Feuilloley , Pierre Fraigniaud , Juho Hirvonen , Ami Paz , Mor Perry

The main problem in the area of graph property testing is to understand which graph properties are \emph{testable}, which means that with constantly many queries to any input graph $G$, a tester can decide with good probability whether $G$…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Louis Esperet , Sergey Norin

We investigate the problem of verifying different properties of discrete time dynamical systems, namely, reachability, safety and reach-while-avoid. To achieve this, we adopt a data driven perspective and, using past system trajectories as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-13 Luke Rickard , Alessandro Abate , Kostas Margellos

An $\omega_1$-compact space is a space in which every closed discrete subspace is countable. We give various general conditions under which a locally compact, $\omega_1$-compact space is $\sigma$-countably compact, i.e., the union of…

General Topology · Mathematics 2022-06-07 Peter Nyikos , Lyubomyr Zdomskyy

Consider any locally checkable labeling problem $\Pi$ in rooted regular trees: there is a finite set of labels $\Sigma$, and for each label $x \in \Sigma$ we specify what are permitted label combinations of the children for an internal node…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-09-05 Alkida Balliu , Sebastian Brandt , Yi-Jun Chang , Dennis Olivetti , Jan Studený , Jukka Suomela , Aleksandr Tereshchenko

Color refinement is a classical technique used to show that two given graphs G and H are non-isomorphic; it is very efficient, although it does not succeed on all graphs. We call a graph G amenable to color refinement if it succeeds in…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-05-05 V. Arvind , Johannes Köbler , Gaurav Rattan , Oleg Verbitsky

Characterizing increasingly complex quantum systems is a central task in quantum information science, yet experimental costs often scale prohibitively with system size. Certifying key properties using simple local measurements is highly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-21 Zhenyu Du , Jinchang Liu , Elias X. Huber , Zi-Wen Liu , Xiongfeng Ma

Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) solvers and equality saturation engines must generate proof certificates from e-graph-based congruence closure procedures to enable verification and conflict clause generation. Smaller proof certificates…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-09-09 Oliver Flatt , Samuel Coward , Max Willsey , Zachary Tatlock , Pavel Panchekha