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Deep double descent is one of the key phenomena underlying the generalization capability of deep learning models. In this study, epoch-wise double descent, which is delayed generalization following overfitting, was empirically investigated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Tomoki Kubo , Ryuken Uda , Yusuke Iida

The remarkable practical success of deep learning has revealed some major surprises from a theoretical perspective. In particular, simple gradient methods easily find near-optimal solutions to non-convex optimization problems, and despite…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-03-17 Peter L. Bartlett , Andrea Montanari , Alexander Rakhlin

A continuing mystery in understanding the empirical success of deep neural networks is their ability to achieve zero training error and generalize well, even when the training data is noisy and there are more parameters than data points. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Vidya Muthukumar , Kailas Vodrahalli , Vignesh Subramanian , Anant Sahai

Transfer learning is a key component of modern machine learning, enhancing the performance of target tasks by leveraging diverse data sources. Simultaneously, overparameterized models such as the minimum-$\ell_2$-norm interpolator (MNI) in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-19 Yeichan Kim , Ilmun Kim , Seyoung Park

Deep Neural Networks are well known for efficiently fitting training data, yet experiencing poor generalization capabilities whenever some kind of bias dominates over the actual task labels, resulting in models learning "shortcuts". In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Pietro Morerio , Ruggero Ragonesi , Vittorio Murino

Deep neural networks generalize well despite being exceedingly overparameterized and being trained without explicit regularization. This curious phenomenon has inspired extensive research activity in establishing its statistical principles:…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-09-16 Ke Wang , Christos Thrampoulidis

Transformers serve as the foundational architecture for many successful large-scale models, demonstrating the ability to overfit the training data while maintaining strong generalization on unseen data, a phenomenon known as benign…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Yingying Zhang , Zhenyu Wu , Jian Li , Yong Liu

Recent empirical and theoretical studies have established the generalization capabilities of large machine learning models that are trained to (approximately or exactly) fit noisy data. In this work, we prove a surprising result that even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Yifan Hao , Tong Zhang

Although numerous methods to reduce the overfitting of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) exist, it is still not clear how to confidently measure the degree of overfitting. A metric reflecting the overfitting level might be, however,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Svetlana Pavlitskaya , Joël Oswald , J. Marius Zöllner

A recent line of research has highlighted the existence of a "double descent" phenomenon in deep learning, whereby increasing the number of training examples $N$ causes the generalization error of neural networks to peak when $N$ is of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Stéphane d'Ascoli , Levent Sagun , Giulio Biroli

Modern machine learning systems such as deep neural networks are often highly over-parameterized so that they can fit the noisy training data exactly, yet they can still achieve small test errors in practice. In this paper, we study this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Yuan Cao , Quanquan Gu , Mikhail Belkin

Transformers have the capacity to act as supervised learning algorithms: by properly encoding a set of labeled training ("in-context") examples and an unlabeled test example into an input sequence of vectors of the same dimension, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Spencer Frei , Gal Vardi

The success of over-parameterized neural networks trained to near-zero training error has caused great interest in the phenomenon of benign overfitting, where estimators are statistically consistent even though they interpolate noisy…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-07 Moritz Haas , David Holzmüller , Ulrike von Luxburg , Ingo Steinwart

Overparametrized neural networks tend to perfectly fit noisy training data yet generalize well on test data. Inspired by this empirical observation, recent work has sought to understand this phenomenon of benign overfitting or harmless…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-23 Andrew D. McRae , Santhosh Karnik , Mark A. Davenport , Vidya Muthukumar

A regression model with more parameters than data points in the training data is overparametrized and has the capability to interpolate the training data. Based on the classical bias-variance tradeoff expressions, it is commonly assumed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Tomas McKelvey

Generalization performance of classifiers in deep learning has recently become a subject of intense study. Deep models, typically over-parametrized, tend to fit the training data exactly. Despite this "overfitting", they perform well on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-18 Mikhail Belkin , Siyuan Ma , Soumik Mandal

In this work, we investigate the behavior of ridge regression in an overparameterized binary classification task. We assume examples are drawn from (anisotropic) class-conditional cluster distributions with opposing means and we allow for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-12 Alexander Tsigler , Luiz F. O. Chamon , Spencer Frei , Peter L. Bartlett

Many modern neural network architectures are trained in an overparameterized regime where the parameters of the model exceed the size of the training dataset. Sufficiently overparameterized neural network architectures in principle have the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-02-14 Samet Oymak , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi

Deep learning is renowned for its theory-practice gap, whereby principled theory typically fails to provide much beneficial guidance for implementation in practice. This has been highlighted recently by the benign overfitting phenomenon:…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-11-14 Liam Hodgkinson , Chris van der Heide , Robert Salomone , Fred Roosta , Michael W. Mahoney

Machine learning models that are overfitted/overtrained are more vulnerable to knowledge leakage, which poses a risk to privacy. Suppose we download or receive a model from a third-party collaborator without knowing its training accuracy.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Hossein Rezaei , Mohammad Sabokrou