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The decoding of error syndromes of surface codes with classical algorithms may slow down quantum computation. To overcome this problem it is possible to implement decoding algorithms based on artificial neural networks. This work reports a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Simone Bordoni , Stefano Giagu

Experimental realization of stabilizer-based quantum error correction (QEC) codes that would yield superior logical qubit performance is one of the formidable task for state-of-the-art quantum processors. A major obstacle towards realizing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-14 I. A. Simakov , I. S. Besedin , A. V. Ustinov

Errors in surface code have typically been decoded by Minimum Weight Perfect Matching (MWPM) based method. Recently, neural-network-based Machine Learning (ML) techniques have been employed for this purpose. Here we propose a two-level (low…

Fast, reliable decoders are pivotal components for enabling fault-tolerant quantum computation. Neural network decoders like AlphaQubit have demonstrated significant potential, achieving higher accuracy than traditional human-designed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-05 Kai Zhang , Situ Wang , Linghang Kong , Fang Zhang , Zhengfeng Ji , Jianxin Chen

Quantum error correction protocols will play a central role in the realisation of quantum computing; the choice of error correction code will influence the full quantum computing stack, from the layout of qubits at the physical level to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-14 Joschka Roffe

Information obtained from noise characterization of a quantum device can be used in classical decoding algorithms to improve the performance of quantum error-correcting codes. Focusing on the surface code under local (i.e. single-qubit)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-14 Andrew S. Darmawan

Quantum computers have the possibility of a much reduced calculation load compared with classical computers in specific problems. Quantum error correction (QEC) is vital for handling qubits, which are vulnerable to external noise. In QEC,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Hideo Mukai , Hoshitaro Ohnishi

The promise of quantum computing is closer to reality today than ever before, thanks to rapid progress in the development of quantum hardware. Even as qubit lifetimes and gate fidelities continue to improve, realizing robust, fault-tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Vismay Joshi , Anubhab Rudra , Sourav Dutta , Siddharth Dhomkar , Prabha Mandayam

Quantum error correction (QEC) is crucial for ensuring the reliability of quantum computers. However, implementing QEC often requires a significant number of qubits, leading to substantial overhead. One of the major challenges in quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-26 Avimita Chatterjee , Archisman Ghosh , Swaroop Ghosh

Neural-network (NN) based decoders are becoming increasingly popular in the field of quantum error correction (QEC), including for decoding of state-of-the-art quantum computation experiments. In this work, we make use of established…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Lukas Bödeker , Luc J. B. Kusters , Markus Müller

Quantum error correction is an essential technique for constructing a scalable quantum computer. In order to implement quantum error correction with near-term quantum devices, a fast and near-optimal decoding method is demanded. A decoder…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-16 Amarsanaa Davaasuren , Yasunari Suzuki , Keisuke Fujii , Masato Koashi

Surface codes are a promising method of quantum error correction and the basis of many proposed quantum computation implementations. However, their efficient decoding is still not fully explored. Recently, approaches based on machine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-04 Thomas Wagner , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

Quantum computing (QC) is at the cusp of a revolution. Machines with 100 quantum bits (qubits) are anticipated to be operational by 2020 [googlemachine,gambetta2015building], and several-hundred-qubit machines are around the corner.…

Topological error correcting codes, and particularly the surface code, currently provide the most feasible roadmap towards large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computation. As such, obtaining fast and flexible decoding algorithms for these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-12 Ryan Sweke , Markus S. Kesselring , Evert P. L. van Nieuwenburg , Jens Eisert

Quantum error correction (QEC) is critical for scalable fault-tolerant quantum computing. Topological codes, such as the toric code, offer hardware-efficient architectures but their Tanner graphs contain many girth-4 cycles that degrade the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-24 Luca Menti , Francisco Lázaro

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for realizing large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computation, yet its practical implementation remains a major engineering challenge. In particular, QEC demands precise real-time control of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-18 Junyi Liu , Yi Lee , Yilun Xu , Gang Huang , Xiaodi Wu

Quantum computers hold the promise of solving computational problems which are intractable using conventional methods. For fault-tolerant operation quantum computers must correct errors occurring due to unavoidable decoherence and limited…

Quantum error correction is crucial for protecting quantum information against decoherence. Traditional codes like the surface code require substantial overhead, making them impractical for near-term, early fault-tolerant devices. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-13 Nico Meyer , Christopher Mutschler , Andreas Maier , Daniel D. Scherer

Implementing algorithms on a fault-tolerant quantum computer will require fast decoding throughput and latency times to prevent an exponential increase in buffer times between the applications of gates. In this work we begin by quantifying…

A fault-tolerant quantum computer will be supported by a classical decoding system interfacing with quantum hardware to perform quantum error correction. It is important that the decoder can keep pace with the quantum clock speed, within…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-17 Samuel C. Smith , Benjamin J. Brown , Stephen D. Bartlett