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Formal verification of neuro-symbolic cyber-physical systems, such as drones, medical devices and robots, is complicated. Neural components must be trained to be optimal with respect to the available data as well as the safety…

Neuro-symbolic programs, i.e. programs containing both machine learning components and traditional symbolic code, are becoming increasingly widespread. Finding a general methodology for verifying such programs is challenging due to both the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Matthew L. Daggitt , Wen Kokke , Robert Atkey , Ekaterina Komendantskaya , Natalia Slusarz , Luca Arnaboldi

Recent advances in the verification of deep neural networks (DNNs) have opened the way for a broader usage of DNN verification technology in many application areas, including safety-critical ones. However, DNN verifiers are themselves…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Remi Desmartin , Omri Isac , Grant Passmore , Ekaterina Komendantskaya , Kathrin Stark , Guy Katz

This paper describes a verification case study on an autonomous racing car with a neural network (NN) controller. Although several verification approaches have been proposed over the last year, they have only been evaluated on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-25 Radoslav Ivanov , Taylor J. Carpenter , James Weimer , Rajeev Alur , George J. Pappas , Insup Lee

When autonomous vehicles encounter untrained scenarios, ensuring safety hinges on effective safety verification to prevent accidents stemming from unexpected model decisions. Reachability analysis, a method of safety verification, offers…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-05 Lingxiang Fan , Linxuan He , Haoyuan Ji , Shuo Feng

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are increasingly being employed in safety-critical systems, and there is an urgent need to guarantee their correctness. Consequently, the verification community has devised multiple techniques and tools for…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Omri Isac , Clark Barrett , Min Zhang , Guy Katz

Automatic verification deals with the validation by means of computers of correctness certificates. The related tools, usually called proof assistants or interactive provers, provide an interactive environment for the creation of formal…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-01-16 Andrea Asperti

Neural networks are increasingly relied upon as components of complex safety-critical systems such as autonomous vehicles. There is high demand for tools and methods that embed neural network verification in a larger verification cycle.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-08-01 Remi Desmartin , Grant Passmore , Ekaterina Komendantskaya , Matthew Daggitt

Theorem proving is fundamental to program verification, where the automated proof of Verification Conditions (VCs) remains a primary bottleneck. Real-world program verification frequently encounters hard VCs that existing Automated Theorem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Qiyuan Xu , Xiaokun Luan , Renxi Wang , Joshua Ong Jun Leang , Peixin Wang , Haonan Li , Wenda Li , Conrad Watt

Recent developments in the smart mobility domain have transformed automobiles into networked transportation agents helping realize new age, large-scale intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The motivation behind such networked…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Ipsita Koley , Sunandan Adhikary , Rohit Rohit , Soumyajit Dey

Interactive theorem provers have been used extensively to reason about various software/hardware systems and mathematical theorems. The key challenge when using an interactive prover is finding a suitable sequence of proof steps that will…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-05-15 Thomas Gransden , Neil Walkinshaw , Rajeev Raman

Generating code from natural-language requirements has become a primary route for LLM-assisted software development. Although LLMs can successfully complete small programming tasks, generating an entire complex project remains unreliable…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jian Fang , Yingfei Xiong

Auto-active verifiers provide a level of automation intermediate between fully automatic and interactive: users supply code with annotations as input while benefiting from a high level of automation in the back-end. This paper presents…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-09-01 Julian Tschannen , Carlo A. Furia , Martin Nordio , Nadia Polikarpova

LLMs excel at reasoning, but validating their steps remains challenging. Formal verification offers a solution through mechanically checkable proofs. Interactive theorem provers (ITPs) dominate mathematical reasoning but require detailed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Mantas Baksys , Stefan Zetzsche , Olivier Bouissou , Sean B. Holden

Deep neural networks are increasingly being used as controllers for safety-critical systems. Because neural networks are opaque, certifying their correctness is a significant challenge. To address this issue, several neural network…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Yizhak Yisrael Elboher , Justin Gottschlich , Guy Katz

Formal verification has emerged as a powerful approach to ensure the safety and reliability of deep neural networks. However, current verification tools are limited to only a handful of properties that can be expressed as first-order…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Xuan Xie , Kristian Kersting , Daniel Neider

Neural networks are increasingly applied to support decision making in safety-critical applications (like autonomous cars, unmanned aerial vehicles and face recognition based authentication). While many impressive static verification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-07 Guoliang Dong , Jun Sun , Jingyi Wang , Xinyu Wang , Ting Dai

Neural networks are one of the most investigated and widely used techniques in Machine Learning. In spite of their success, they still find limited application in safety- and security-related contexts, wherein assurance about networks'…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-28 Francesco Leofante , Nina Narodytska , Luca Pulina , Armando Tacchella

State-machine based notations are ubiquitous in the description of component systems, particularly in the robotic domain. To ensure these systems are safe and predictable, formal verification techniques are important, and can be…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-10-11 Simon Foster , James Baxter , Ana Cavalcanti , Alvaro Miyazawa , Jim Woodcock

The use of autonomous vehicles in real-world applications is often precluded by the difficulty of providing safety guarantees for their complex controllers. The simulation-based testing of these controllers cannot deliver sufficient safety…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Simon Foster , Mario Gleirscher , Radu Calinescu
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