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Every AI system is deployed by a human organization. In high risk applications, the combined human plus AI system must function as a high-reliability organization in order to avoid catastrophic errors. This short note reviews the properties…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-11-28 Thomas G. Dietterich

With the advancements in machine learning (ML) methods and compute resources, artificial intelligence (AI) empowered systems are becoming a prevailing technology. However, current AI technology such as deep learning is not flawless. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-10 Pin-Yu Chen , Payel Das

Despite the impressive performance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, their robustness remains elusive and constitutes a key issue that impedes large-scale adoption. Robustness has been studied in many domains of AI, yet with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Andrea Tocchetti , Lorenzo Corti , Agathe Balayn , Mireia Yurrita , Philip Lippmann , Marco Brambilla , Jie Yang

The EU Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) establishes different legal principles for different types of AI systems. While prior work has sought to clarify some of these principles, little attention has been paid to robustness and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Henrik Nolte , Miriam Rateike , Michèle Finck

Responsible Artificial Intelligence (AI) - the practice of developing, evaluating, and maintaining accurate AI systems that also exhibit essential properties such as robustness and explainability - represents a multifaceted challenge that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Ryan Soklaski , Justin Goodwin , Olivia Brown , Michael Yee , Jason Matterer

This chapter explores the foundational concept of robustness in Machine Learning (ML) and its integral role in establishing trustworthiness in Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems. The discussion begins with a detailed definition of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Houssem Ben Braiek , Foutse Khomh

This vision paper presents initial research on assessing the robustness and reliability of AI-enabled systems, and key factors in ensuring their safety and effectiveness in practical applications, including a focus on accountability. By…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Filippo Scaramuzza , Damian A. Tamburri , Willem-Jan van den Heuvel

In the last years, AI systems, in particular neural networks, have seen a tremendous increase in performance, and they are now used in a broad range of applications. Unlike classical symbolic AI systems, neural networks are trained using…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Christian Berghoff , Pavol Bielik , Matthias Neu , Petar Tsankov , Arndt von Twickel

Robustness is a key requirement for high-risk AI systems under the EU Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act). However, both its definition and assessment methods remain underspecified, leaving providers with little concrete direction on how…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Roberta Tamponi , Carina Prunkl , Thomas Bäck , Anna V. Kononova

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI), including AI in Science (AIS), should be done following the principles of responsible AI. Progress in responsible AI is often quantified through evaluation metrics, yet there has been less…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Theresia Veronika Rampisela , Maria Maistro , Tuukka Ruotsalo , Christina Lioma

Collaborative AI systems (CAISs) aim at working together with humans in a shared space to achieve a common goal. This critical setting yields hazardous circumstances that could harm human beings. Thus, building such systems with strong…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Jubril Gbolahan Adigun , Matteo Camilli , Michael Felderer , Andrea Giusti , Dominik T Matt , Anna Perini , Barbara Russo , Angelo Susi

While Machine Learning (ML) technologies are widely adopted in many mission critical fields to support intelligent decision-making, concerns remain about system resilience against ML-specific security attacks and privacy breaches as well as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Pulei Xiong , Scott Buffett , Shahrear Iqbal , Philippe Lamontagne , Mohammad Mamun , Heather Molyneaux

Recent research in artificial intelligence and machine learning has largely emphasized general-purpose learning and ever-larger training sets and more and more compute. In contrast, I propose a hybrid, knowledge-driven, reasoning-based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Gary Marcus

With the advancement of information retrieval (IR) technologies, robustness is increasingly attracting attention. When deploying technology into practice, we consider not only its average performance under normal conditions but, more…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Yu-An Liu , Haya Nachimovsky , Ruqing Zhang , Oren Kurland , Jiafeng Guo , Moshe Tennenholtz

Robustness to noise is of utmost importance in reinforcement learning systems, particularly in military contexts where high stakes and uncertain environments prevail. Noise and uncertainty are inherent features of military operations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Lorenzo Nodari , Federico Cerutti

Artificial intelligence (AI), and especially its sub-field of Machine Learning (ML), are impacting the daily lives of everyone with their ubiquitous applications. In recent years, AI researchers and practitioners have introduced principles…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Firas Bayram , Bestoun S. Ahmed

Artificial intelligent (AI) algorithms, such as deep learning and XGboost, are used in numerous applications including computer vision, autonomous driving, and medical diagnostics. The robustness of these AI algorithms is of great interest…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-30 Jiayi Lian , Laura Freeman , Yili Hong , Xinwei Deng

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems have become increasingly popular in many areas. Nevertheless, AI technologies are still in their developing stages, and many issues need to be addressed. Among those, the reliability of AI systems needs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Yili Hong , Jiayi Lian , Li Xu , Jie Min , Yueyao Wang , Laura J. Freeman , Xinwei Deng

As AI systems become integral to critical operations across industries and services, ensuring their reliability and safety is essential. We offer a framework that integrates established reliability and resilience engineering principles into…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Saurabh Mishra , Anand Rao , Ramayya Krishnan , Bilal Ayyub , Amin Aria , Enrico Zio

Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms are increasingly providing decision making and operational support across multiple domains. AI includes a wide library of algorithms for different problems. One important notion for the adoption of AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Feras A. Batarseh , Laura Freeman
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