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One of the main difficulties in analyzing neural networks is the non-convexity of the loss function which may have many bad local minima. In this paper, we study the landscape of neural networks for binary classification tasks. Under mild…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-23 Shiyu Liang , Ruoyu Sun , Jason D. Lee , R. Srikant

In all but the most trivial optimization problems, the structure of the solutions exhibit complex interdependencies between the input parameters. Decades of research with stochastic search techniques has shown the benefit of explicitly…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-03-23 Shumeet Baluja

Small neural networks with a constrained number of trainable parameters, can be suitable resource-efficient candidates for many simple tasks, where now excessively large models are used. However, such models face several problems during the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Alexander Kovalenko , Pavel Kordík , Magda Friedjungová

In this paper, we develop a new optimization framework for the least squares learning problem via fully connected neural networks or physics-informed neural networks. The gradient descent sometimes behaves inefficiently in deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Yaru Liu , Yiqi Gu , Michael K. Ng

In this paper, we present a local geometric analysis to interpret how deep feedforward neural networks extract low-dimensional features from high-dimensional data. Our study shows that, in a local geometric region, the optimal weight in one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-11 Md Kamran Chowdhury Shisher , Tasmeen Zaman Ornee , Yin Sun

It is widely observed that deep learning models with learned parameters generalize well, even with much more model parameters than the number of training samples. We systematically investigate the underlying reasons why deep neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-29 Lei Wu , Zhanxing Zhu , Weinan E

The optimization foundations of deep linear networks have recently received significant attention. However, due to their inherent non-convexity and hierarchical structure, analyzing the loss functions of deep linear networks remains a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-24 Po Chen , Rujun Jiang , Peng Wang

Supervised training of deep neural nets typically relies on minimizing cross-entropy. However, in many domains, we are interested in performing well on metrics specific to the application. In this paper we propose a direct loss minimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-06-03 Yang Song , Alexander G. Schwing , Richard S. Zemel , Raquel Urtasun

Weight decay is one of the most widely used forms of regularization in deep learning, and has been shown to improve generalization and robustness. The optimization objective driving weight decay is a sum of losses plus a term proportional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Liu Yang , Jifan Zhang , Joseph Shenouda , Dimitris Papailiopoulos , Kangwook Lee , Robert D. Nowak

We characterize the exact solutions to neural network descrambling--a mathematical model for explaining the fully connected layers of trained neural networks (NNs). By reformulating the problem to the minimization of the Brockett function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Shashank Sule , Richard G. Spencer , Wojciech Czaja

One of the major concerns for neural network training is that the non-convexity of the associated loss functions may cause bad landscape. The recent success of neural networks suggests that their loss landscape is not too bad, but what…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Ruoyu Sun , Dawei Li , Shiyu Liang , Tian Ding , R Srikant

A deep equilibrium model uses implicit layers, which are implicitly defined through an equilibrium point of an infinite sequence of computation. It avoids any explicit computation of the infinite sequence by finding an equilibrium point…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Kenji Kawaguchi

We prove that for an $L$-layer fully-connected linear neural network, if the width of every hidden layer is $\tilde\Omega (L \cdot r \cdot d_{\mathrm{out}} \cdot \kappa^3 )$, where $r$ and $\kappa$ are the rank and the condition number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Simon S. Du , Wei Hu

In this paper, we theoretically prove that adding one special neuron per output unit eliminates all suboptimal local minima of any deep neural network, for multi-class classification, binary classification, and regression with an arbitrary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-17 Kenji Kawaguchi , Leslie Pack Kaelbling

We propose an empirical approach centered on the spectral dynamics of weights -- the behavior of singular values and vectors during optimization -- to unify and clarify several phenomena in deep learning. We identify a consistent bias in…

In this paper, we study approximation properties of single hidden layer neural networks with weights varying on finitely many directions and thresholds from an open interval. We obtain a necessary and at the same time sufficient measure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Vugar Ismailov , Ekrem Savas

A residual network (or ResNet) is a standard deep neural net architecture, with state-of-the-art performance across numerous applications. The main premise of ResNets is that they allow the training of each layer to focus on fitting just…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-28 Ohad Shamir

A quadratic approximation of neural network loss landscapes has been extensively used to study the optimization process of these networks. Though, it usually holds in a very small neighborhood of the minimum, it cannot explain many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Chao Ma , Daniel Kunin , Lei Wu , Lexing Ying

There is some theoretical evidence that deep neural networks with multiple hidden layers have a potential for more efficient representation of multidimensional mappings than shallow networks with a single hidden layer. The question is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Bernhard Bermeitinger , Tomas Hrycej , Siegfried Handschuh

The optimization of neural networks under weight decay remains poorly understood from a theoretical standpoint. While weight decay is standard practice in modern training procedures, most theoretical analyses focus on unregularized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Etienne Boursier , Matthew Bowditch , Matthias Englert , Ranko Lazic