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Most graph neural networks follow the message passing mechanism. However, it faces the over-smoothing problem when multiple times of message passing is applied to a graph, causing indistinguishable node representations and prevents the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Yunchong Song , Chenghu Zhou , Xinbing Wang , Zhouhan Lin

In recent years, Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved remarkable success in many graph mining tasks. However, scaling them to large graphs is challenging due to the high computational and storage costs of repeated feature propagation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Yuxuan Liang , Wentao Zhang , Zeang Sheng , Ling Yang , Quanqing Xu , Jiawei Jiang , Yunhai Tong , Bin Cui

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have been widely used to learn vector representation of graph-structured data and achieved better task performance than conventional methods. The foundation of GNNs is the message passing procedure, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-31 Takeshi D. Itoh , Takatomi Kubo , Kazushi Ikeda

The drastic performance degradation of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) as the depth of the graph propagation layers exceeds 8-10 is widely attributed to a phenomenon of Over-smoothing. Although recent research suggests that Over-smoothing may…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Jie Peng , Runlin Lei , Zhewei Wei

Learning useful node and graph representations with graph neural networks (GNNs) is a challenging task. It is known that deep GNNs suffer from over-smoothing where, as the number of layers increases, node representations become nearly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-28 Pantelis Elinas , Edwin V. Bonilla

Graph Neural Networks are powerful models for learning from graph-structured data, yet their effectiveness is often limited by two critical challenges: over-squashing, where information from distant nodes is excessively compressed, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Hugo Attali , Nathalie Pernelle , Davide Buscaldi , Fragkiskos D. Malliaros

Graph Neural Networks are powerful models for learning from graph-structured data, yet their effectiveness is often limited by two critical challenges: over-squashing, where information from distant nodes is excessively compressed, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Hugo Attali , Davide Buscaldi , Nathalie Pernelle , Fragkiskos D. Malliaros

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are a powerful solution for various structure learning applications due to their strong representation capabilities for graph data. However, traditional GNNs, relying on message-passing mechanisms that gather…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Wei Duan , Jie Lu , Yu Guang Wang , Junyu Xuan

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown great potential in graph data analysis due to their powerful representation capabilities. However, as the network depth increases, the issue of over-smoothing becomes more severe, causing node…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Kaichen Ouyang

Oversmoothing is a central challenge of building more powerful Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). While previous works have only demonstrated that oversmoothing is inevitable when the number of graph convolutions tends to infinity, in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Xinyi Wu , Zhengdao Chen , William Wang , Ali Jadbabaie

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) face two fundamental challenges when scaled to deep architectures: oversmoothing, where node representations converge to indistinguishable vectors, and oversquashing, where information from distant nodes fails…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Mostafa Haghir Chehreghani

In this paper, we study the factors that contribute to the effect of oversmoothing in deep Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Specifically, our analysis is based on a new metric (Mean Average Squared Distance - $MASED$) to quantify the extent of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Dimitrios Kelesis , Dimitris Fotakis , Georgios Paliouras

We present Gradient Gating (G$^2$), a novel framework for improving the performance of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Our framework is based on gating the output of GNN layers with a mechanism for multi-rate flow of message passing…

Deep graph neural networks (GNNs) often suffer from oversmoothing, where node representations become overly homogeneous with increasing depth. While techniques like normalization, residual connections, and edge dropout have been proposed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Jiaqi Wang , Xinyi Wu , James Cheng , Yifei Wang

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have emerged as powerful tools for processing relational data in applications. However, GNNs suffer from the problem of oversmoothing, the property that the features of all nodes exponentially converge to the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-22 Bastian Epping , Alexandre René , Moritz Helias , Michael T. Schaub

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved promising performance on a wide range of graph-based tasks. Despite their success, one severe limitation of GNNs is the over-smoothing issue (indistinguishable representations of nodes in different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Deli Chen , Yankai Lin , Wei Li , Peng Li , Jie Zhou , Xu Sun

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are widely used in domains like social networks and biological systems. However, the locality assumption of GNNs, which limits information exchange to neighboring nodes, hampers their ability to capture…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Tingting Dan , Jiaqi Ding , Ziquan Wei , Shahar Z Kovalsky , Minjeong Kim , Won Hwa Kim , Guorong Wu

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are a powerful inductive bias for modelling algorithmic reasoning procedures and data structures. Their prowess was mainly demonstrated on tasks featuring Markovian dynamics, where querying any associated data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-28 Heiko Strathmann , Mohammadamin Barekatain , Charles Blundell , Petar Veličković

The dominant paradigm for learning on graph-structured data is message passing. Despite being a strong inductive bias, the local message passing mechanism suffers from pathological issues such as over-smoothing, over-squashing, and limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Jacob Bamberger , Federico Barbero , Xiaowen Dong , Michael M. Bronstein

Message Passing Graph Neural Networks (MP-GNNs) have garnered attention for addressing various industry challenges, such as user recommendation and fraud detection. However, they face two major hurdles: (1) heavy reliance on local context,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Arihant Jain , Gundeep Arora , Anoop Saladi , Chaosheng Dong