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In-context Learning (ICL) has emerged as a powerful capability alongside the development of scaled-up large language models (LLMs). By instructing LLMs using few-shot demonstrative examples, ICL enables them to perform a wide range of tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Quanyu Long , Yin Wu , Wenya Wang , Sinno Jialin Pan

Large language model agents rely on effective model context to obtain task-relevant information for decision-making. Many existing context engineering approaches primarily rely on the context generated from the past experience and retrieval…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Linbo Liu , Guande Wu , Han Ding , Yawei Wang , Qiang Zhou , Yuzhe Lu , Zhichao Xu , Huan Song , Panpan Xu , Lin Lee Cheong

Generating explanations for reinforcement learning (RL) is challenging as actions may produce long-term effects on the future. In this paper, we develop a novel framework for explainable RL by learning a causal world model without prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Zhongwei Yu , Jingqing Ruan , Dengpeng Xing

While LLMs excel at reasoning over prompts using static pretrained knowledge, they struggle significantly with context learning-the ability to dynamically extract, internalize, and apply new knowledge from complex, task-specific contexts.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Hongbo Jin , Mingnan Zhu , Jingqi Tian , Xu Jiang , Zhongjing Du , Haoran Tang , Siyi Xie , Qiaoman Zhang , Jiayu Ding

State-of-the-art meta reinforcement learning algorithms typically assume the setting of a single agent interacting with its environment in a sequential manner. A negative side-effect of this sequential execution paradigm is that, as the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-03-08 Emilio Parisotto , Soham Ghosh , Sai Bhargav Yalamanchi , Varsha Chinnaobireddy , Yuhuai Wu , Ruslan Salakhutdinov

Reinforcement learning has become the central approach for language models (LMs) to learn from environmental reward or feedback. In practice, the environmental feedback is usually sparse and delayed. Learning from such signals is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Taiwei Shi , Sihao Chen , Bowen Jiang , Linxin Song , Longqi Yang , Jieyu Zhao

Low sample efficiency is an enduring challenge of reinforcement learning (RL). With the advent of versatile large language models (LLMs), recent works impart common-sense knowledge to accelerate policy learning for RL processes. However, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Fuxiang Zhang , Junyou Li , Yi-Chen Li , Zongzhang Zhang , Yang Yu , Deheng Ye

Recently, it has been shown that transformers pre-trained on diverse datasets with multi-episode contexts can generalize to new reinforcement learning tasks in-context. A key limitation of previously proposed models is their reliance on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Viacheslav Sinii , Alexander Nikulin , Vladislav Kurenkov , Ilya Zisman , Sergey Kolesnikov

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown great promise in planning and reasoning applications. These tasks demand robust systems, which arguably require a causal understanding of the environment. While LLMs can acquire and reflect…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-29 John Gkountouras , Matthias Lindemann , Phillip Lippe , Efstratios Gavves , Ivan Titov

The last decade has seen an upswing in interest and adoption of reinforcement learning (RL) techniques, in large part due to its demonstrated capabilities at performing certain tasks at "super-human levels". This has incentivized the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Pablo Samuel Castro

Can machine learning help us make better decisions about a changing planet? In this paper, we illustrate and discuss the potential of a promising corner of machine learning known as _reinforcement learning_ (RL) to help tackle the most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Marcus Lapeyrolerie , Melissa S. Chapman , Kari E. A. Norman , Carl Boettiger

We propose a general formulation for addressing reinforcement learning (RL) problems in settings with observational data. That is, we consider the problem of learning good policies solely from historical data in which unobserved factors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-31 Chaochao Lu , Bernhard Schölkopf , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato

Inverse Constrained Reinforcement Learning (ICRL) is the task of inferring the implicit constraints that expert agents adhere to, based on their demonstration data. As an emerging research topic, ICRL has received considerable attention in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Guiliang Liu , Sheng Xu , Shicheng Liu , Ashish Gaurav , Sriram Ganapathi Subramanian , Pascal Poupart

To achieve general artificial intelligence, reinforcement learning (RL) agents should learn not only to optimize returns for one specific task but also to constantly build more complex skills and scaffold their knowledge about the world,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-12-07 Khimya Khetarpal , Shagun Sodhani , Sarath Chandar , Doina Precup

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has been widely applied in autonomous exploration and mapping tasks, but often struggles with the challenges of sampling efficiency, poor adaptability to unknown map sizes, and slow simulation speed. To…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Zhi Li , Jinghao Xin , Ning Li

This article is a gentle discussion about the field of reinforcement learning in practice, about opportunities and challenges, touching a broad range of topics, with perspectives and without technical details. The article is based on both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Yuxi Li

High-quality relevance judgements over large query sets are essential for evaluating Information Retrieval (IR) systems, yet manual annotation remains costly and time-consuming. Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown promise as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-07 David Otero , Javier Parapar

In reinforcement learning (RL) research, simulations enable benchmarks between algorithms, as well as prototyping and hyper-parameter tuning of agents. In order to promote RL both in research and real-world applications, frameworks are…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Christian Bitter , Timo Thun , Tobias Meisen

Language systems have been of great interest to the research community and have recently reached the mass market through various assistant platforms on the web. Reinforcement Learning methods that optimize dialogue policies have seen…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Floris den Hengst , Mark Hoogendoorn , Frank van Harmelen , Joost Bosman

Continuous Integration (CI) significantly reduces integration problems, speeds up development time, and shortens release time. However, it also introduces new challenges for quality assurance activities, including regression testing, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-29 Mojtaba Bagherzadeh , Nafiseh Kahani , Lionel Briand