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This work studies an independent natural policy gradient (NPG) algorithm for the multi-agent reinforcement learning problem in Markov potential games. It is shown that, under mild technical assumptions and the introduction of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Youbang Sun , Tao Liu , Ruida Zhou , P. R. Kumar , Shahin Shahrampour

Constrained Markov games offer a formal mathematical framework for modeling multi-agent reinforcement learning problems where the behavior of the agents is subject to constraints. In this work, we focus on the recently introduced class of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Philip Jordan , Anas Barakat , Niao He

Potential games are arguably one of the most important and widely studied classes of normal form games. They define the archetypal setting of multi-agent coordination as all agent utilities are perfectly aligned with each other via a common…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Stefanos Leonardos , Will Overman , Ioannis Panageas , Georgios Piliouras

This letter studies multi-agent reinforcement learning in partially observable Markov potential games. Solving this problem is challenging due to partial observability, decentralized information, and the curse of dimensionality. First, to…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Wonseok Yang , Thinh T. Doan

We study Markov potential games under the infinite horizon average reward criterion. Most previous studies have been for discounted rewards. We prove that both algorithms based on independent policy gradient and independent natural policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Min Cheng , Ruida Zhou , P. R. Kumar , Chao Tian

Markov Potential Games (MPGs) form an important sub-class of Markov games, which are a common framework to model multi-agent reinforcement learning problems. In particular, MPGs include as a special case the identical-interest setting where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Pragnya Alatur , Anas Barakat , Niao He

We study Nash equilibrium learning in partially observable Markov games (POMGs), a multi-agent reinforcement learning framework in which agents cannot fully observe the underlying state. Prior work in this setting relies on centralization…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Philip Jordan , Maryam Kamgarpour

Multi-agent reinforcement learning has been successfully applied to fully-cooperative and fully-competitive environments, but little is currently known about mixed cooperative/competitive environments. In this paper, we focus on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Roy Fox , Stephen McAleer , Will Overman , Ioannis Panageas

In single-agent Markov decision processes, an agent can optimize its policy based on the interaction with environment. In multi-player Markov games (MGs), however, the interaction is non-stationary due to the behaviors of other players, so…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Yuanheng Zhu , Dongbin Zhao , Mengchen Zhao , Dong Li

Markov games (MGs) provide a mathematical foundation for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), enabling self-interested agents to learn their optimal policies while interacting with others in a shared environment. However, due to the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-25 Huiwen Yan , Mushuang Liu

We obtain global, non-asymptotic convergence guarantees for independent learning algorithms in competitive reinforcement learning settings with two agents (i.e., zero-sum stochastic games). We consider an episodic setting where in each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-13 Constantinos Daskalakis , Dylan J. Foster , Noah Golowich

We study the performance of the gradient play algorithm for stochastic games (SGs), where each agent tries to maximize its own total discounted reward by making decisions independently based on current state information which is shared…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-08 Runyu Zhang , Zhaolin Ren , Na Li

Computing Nash equilibrium policies is a central problem in multi-agent reinforcement learning that has received extensive attention both in theory and in practice. However, provable guarantees have been thus far either limited to fully…

We propose a new model, independent linear Markov game, for multi-agent reinforcement learning with a large state space and a large number of agents. This is a class of Markov games with independent linear function approximation, where each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Qiwen Cui , Kaiqing Zhang , Simon S. Du

Policy gradient methods enjoy strong practical performance in numerous tasks in reinforcement learning. Their theoretical understanding in multiagent settings, however, remains limited, especially beyond two-player competitive and potential…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Ioannis Anagnostides , Ioannis Panageas , Gabriele Farina , Tuomas Sandholm

A major challenge in multi-agent systems is that the system complexity grows dramatically with the number of agents as well as the size of their action spaces, which is typical in real world scenarios such as autonomous vehicles, robotic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-08-31 Shicong Cen , Fan Chen , Yuejie Chi

Modern reinforcement learning (RL) commonly engages practical problems with large state spaces, where function approximation must be deployed to approximate either the value function or the policy. While recent progresses in RL theory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Chi Jin , Qinghua Liu , Tiancheng Yu

We investigate Nash equilibrium learning in a competitive Markov Game (MG) environment, where multiple agents compete, and multiple Nash equilibria can exist. In particular, for an oligopolistic dynamic pricing environment, exact Nash…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Larkin Liu

Softmax policy gradient is a popular algorithm for policy optimization in single-agent reinforcement learning, particularly since projection is not needed for each gradient update. However, in multi-agent systems, the lack of central…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-11-01 Runyu Zhang , Jincheng Mei , Bo Dai , Dale Schuurmans , Na Li

This work focuses on the entropy-regularized independent natural policy gradient (NPG) algorithm in multi-agent reinforcement learning. In this work, agents are assumed to have access to an oracle with exact policy evaluation and seek to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Youbang Sun , Tao Liu , P. R. Kumar , Shahin Shahrampour
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