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Zero forcing is a process on a graph in which the goal is to force all vertices to become blue by applying a color change rule. Throttling minimizes the sum of the number of vertices that are initially blue and the number of time steps…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-03-15 Joshua Carlson

Zero forcing can be described as a combinatorial game on a graph that uses a color change rule in which vertices change white vertices to blue. The throttling number of a graph minimizes the sum of the number of vertices initially colored…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-02-23 Joshua Carlson , Juergen Kritschgau

The concept of zero forcing is extended from graphs to uniform hypergraphs in analogy with the way zero forcing was defined as an upper bound for the maximum nullity of the family of symmetric matrices whose nonzero pattern of entries is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-08-30 Leslie Hogben

A leak is a vertex that is not allowed to perform a force during the zero forcing process. Leaky forcing was recently introduced as a new variation of zero forcing in order to analyze how leaks in a network disrupt the zero forcing process.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-08-18 Joseph S. Alameda , Jürgen Kritschgau , Nathan Warnberg , Michael Young

The zero forcing number of a graph $G$, denoted by $Z(G)$, is the minimum cardinality of a set $S$ of black vertices (where vertices in $V(G)\setminus S$ are colored white) such that $V(G)$ is turned black after finitely many applications…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-02-20 I. Javaid , I. Irshad , M. Batool , Z. Raza

While a number of bounds are known on the zero forcing number $Z(G)$ of a graph $G$ expressed in terms of the order of a graph and maximum or minimum degree, we present two bounds that are related to the (upper) total domination number…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-10-12 Boštjan Brešar , María Gracia Cornet , Tanja Dravec , Michael Henning

A zero forcing set is a set $S$ of vertices of a graph $G$, called forced vertices of $G$, which are able to force the entire graph by applying the following process iteratively: At any particular instance of time, if any forced vertex has…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-22 Jessy Sujana G. , T. M. Rajalaxmi , Indra Rajasingh , R. Sundara Rajan

In this paper we begin the study of well-failed graphs, that is, graphs in which every maximal failed zero forcing set is a maximum failed zero forcing set, or equivalently, in which every minimal fort is a minimum fort. We characterize…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-02-03 Bonnie Jacob

It is known that the zero forcing number of a graph is an upper bound for the maximum nullity of the graph. In this paper, we search for characteristics of a graph that guarantee the maximum nullity of the graph and the zero forcing number…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-12-17 Derek Young

Given a graph $G$ and a real number $0\le p\le 1$, we define the random set $B_p(G)\subset V(G)$ by including each vertex independently and with probability $p$. We investigate the probability that the random set $B_p(G)$ is a zero forcing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-08-30 Bryan Curtis , Luyining Gan , Jamie Haddock , Rachel Lawrence , Sam Spiro

We introduce a new variant of zero forcing - signed zero forcing. The classical zero forcing number provides an upper bound on the maximum nullity of a matrix with a given graph (i.e. zero-nonzero pattern). Our new variant provides an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-07-09 Felix Goldberg , Abraham Berman

The forcing number of a perfect matching $M$ in a graph $G$ is the smallest number of edges inside $M$ that can not be contained in other perfect matchings. The anti-forcing number of $M$ is the smallest number of edges outside $M$ whose…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-12-25 Kai Deng , Huazhong Lü , Tingzeng Wu

Twisted hypercubes are graphs that generalize the structure of the hypercube by relaxing the symmetry constraint while maintaining degree-regularity and connectivity. We study the zero forcing number of twisted hypercubes. Zero forcing is a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-06 Peter Collier , Jeannette Janssen

Motivated in part by an observation that the zero forcing number for the complement of a tree on $n$ vertices is either $n-3$ or $n-1$ in one exceptional case, we consider the zero forcing number for the complement of more general graphs…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-03-13 Emelie Curl , Shaun Fallat , Ryan Moruzzi , Carolyn Reinhart , Derek Young

A dominating set $D_{f}\subseteq V(G)$ of vertices in a graph $G$ is called a \emph{dom-forcing set} if the sub-graph induced by $\langle D_{f} \rangle$ must form a zero forcing set. The minimum cardinality of such a set is known as the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-04 Susanth P , Charles Dominic , Premodkumar K P

In this paper we compare the brushing number of a graph with the zero-forcing number of its line graph. We prove that the zero-forcing number of the line graph is an upper bound for the brushing number by constructing a brush configuration…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-08-25 Aras Erzurumluoglu , David Pike , Karen Meagher

We define the anti-forcing number of a perfect matching $M$ of a graph $G$ as the minimal number of edges of $G$ whose deletion results in a subgraph with a unique perfect matching $M$, denoted by $af(G,M)$. The anti-forcing number of a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-06-17 Hongchuan Lei , Yeong-Nan Yeh , Heping Zhang

The \emph{metric dimension} $\dim(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the minimum number of vertices such that every vertex of $G$ is uniquely determined by its vector of distances to the chosen vertices. The \emph{zero forcing number} $Z(G)$ of a graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-06-20 Linda Eroh , Cong X. Kang , Eunjeong Yi

Let $G=(V,E)$ be a simple connected graph. A perfect matching (or Kekul\'e structure in chemical literature) of $G$ is a set of disjoint edges which covers all vertices of $G$. The anti-forcing number of $G$ is the smallest number of edges…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-07-24 Neda Soltani , Saeid Alikhani

This article studies the \emph{$k$-forcing number} for oriented graphs, generalizing both the \emph{zero forcing number} for directed graphs and the $k$-forcing number for simple graphs. In particular, given a simple graph $G$, we introduce…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-09-12 Yair Caro , Randy Davila , Ryan Pepper