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Recent works show that learning contextualized embeddings for words is beneficial for downstream tasks. BERT is one successful example of this approach. It learns embeddings by solving two tasks, which are masked language model (masked LM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Çağla Aksoy , Alper Ahmetoğlu , Tunga Güngör

Pretraining sentence encoders with language modeling and related unsupervised tasks has recently been shown to be very effective for language understanding tasks. By supplementing language model-style pretraining with further training on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-01 Jason Phang , Thibault Févry , Samuel R. Bowman

Assessing the trustworthiness of artificial intelligence systems requires knowledge from many different disciplines. These disciplines do not necessarily share concepts between them and might use words with different meanings, or even use…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Dennis Vetter , Jesmin Jahan Tithi , Magnus Westerlund , Roberto V. Zicari , Gemma Roig

An important task for designing QA systems is answer sentence selection (AS2): selecting the sentence containing (or constituting) the answer to a question from a set of retrieved relevant documents. In this paper, we propose three novel…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Luca Di Liello , Siddhant Garg , Luca Soldaini , Alessandro Moschitti

Embedding fusion has emerged as an effective approach for enhancing performance across various NLP tasks. However, systematic guidelines for selecting optimal layers and developing effective fusion strategies for the integration of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Jiho Gwak , Yuchul Jung

While integrating speech encoder with LLM requires substantial data and resources, use cases face limitations due to insufficient availability. To address this, we propose a solution with a parameter-efficient adapter that converts speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Jaekwon Yoo , Kunal Chandiramani , Divya Tadimeti , Abenezer Girma , Chandra Dhir

Legal multi-label classification is a critical task for organizing and accessing the vast amount of legal documentation. Despite its importance, it faces challenges such as the complexity of legal language, intricate label dependencies, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Emily Johnson , Xavier Holt , Noah Wilson

Segmentation and Rhetorical Role Labeling of legal judgements play a crucial role in retrieval and adjacent tasks, including case summarization, semantic search, argument mining etc. Previous approaches have formulated this task either as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 T. Y. S. S. Santosh , Philipp Bock , Matthias Grabmair

Automating the classification of negative treatment in legal precedent is a critical yet nuanced NLP task where misclassification carries significant risk. To address the shortcomings of standard accuracy, this paper introduces a more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 M. Mikail Demir , M. Abdullah Canbaz

Predicting the potential success of a book in advance is vital in many applications. This could help both publishers and readers in their decision-making process whether or not a book is worth publishing and reading, respectively. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-06 Muhammad Khalifa , Aminul Islam

In NLP, fine-tuning LLMs is effective for various applications but requires high-quality annotated data. However, manual annotation of data is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and costly. Therefore, LLMs are increasingly used to automate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Muhammad Uzair Ul Haq , Davide Rigoni , Alessandro Sperduti

Deaf and hard of hearing individuals regularly rely on captioning while watching live TV. Live TV captioning is evaluated by regulatory agencies using various caption evaluation metrics. However, caption evaluation metrics are often not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Akhter Al Amin , Saad Hassan , Cecilia O. Alm , Matt Huenerfauth

We present a systematic investigation of layer-wise BERT activations for general-purpose text representations to understand what linguistic information they capture and how transferable they are across different tasks. Sentence-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-25 Xiaofei Ma , Zhiguo Wang , Patrick Ng , Ramesh Nallapati , Bing Xiang

Linguistic Acceptability is the task of determining whether a sentence is grammatical or ungrammatical. It has applications in several use cases like Question-Answering, Natural Language Generation, Neural Machine Translation, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Anmol Nayak , Hari Prasad Timmapathini

Each year millions of people seek help for their legal problems by calling a legal aid program hotline, walking into a legal aid office, or using a lawyer referral service. The first step to match them to the right help is to identify the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Quinten Steenhuis

Machine based text comprehension has always been a significant research field in natural language processing. Once a full understanding of the text context and semantics is achieved, a deep learning model can be trained to solve a large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-03 Omar Mossad , Amgad Ahmed , Anandharaju Raju , Hari Karthikeyan , Zayed Ahmed

Multi-label document classification is a traditional task in NLP. Compared to single-label classification, each document can be assigned multiple classes. This problem is crucially important in various domains, such as tagging scientific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Maziar Moradi Fard , Paula Sorrolla Bayod , Kiomars Motarjem , Mohammad Alian Nejadi , Saber Akhondi , Camilo Thorne

Legal Entity Recognition (LER) is critical in automating legal workflows such as contract analysis, compliance monitoring, and litigation support. Existing approaches, including rule-based systems and classical machine learning models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Duraimurugan Rajamanickam

We present models for encoding sentences into embedding vectors that specifically target transfer learning to other NLP tasks. The models are efficient and result in accurate performance on diverse transfer tasks. Two variants of the…

We propose a cascade of neural models that performs sentence classification, phrase recognition, and triple extraction to automatically structure the scholarly contributions of NLP publications. To identify the most important contribution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-13 Haoyang Liu , M. Janina Sarol , Halil Kilicoglu