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A class of discrete probability distributions contains distributions with limited support, i.e. possible argument values are limited to a set of numbers (typically consecutive). Examples of such data are results from subjective experiments…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-09-11 Lucjan Janowski , Bogdan Ćmiel , Krzysztof Rusek , Jakub Nawała , Zhi Li

There are phenomena that cannot be measured without subjective testing. However, subjective testing is a complex issue with many influencing factors. These interplay to yield either precise or incorrect results. Researchers require a tool…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Jakub Nawała , Lucjan Janowski , Bogdan Ćmiel , Krzysztof Rusek

The notion of experiment precision quantifies the variance of user ratings in a subjective experiment. Although there exist measures that assess subjective experiment precision, there are no systematic analyses of these measures available…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Jakub Nawała , Tobias Hoßfeld , Lucjan Janowski , Michael Seufert

Subjective video quality assessment (VQA) is the gold standard for measuring end-user experience across communication, streaming, and UGC pipelines. Beyond high-validity lab studies, crowdsourcing offers accurate, reliable, faster, and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-25 Babak Naderi , Ross Cutler

A class of discrete probability distributions contains distributions with limited support. A typical example is some variant of a Likert scale, with response mapped to either the $\{1, 2, \ldots, 5\}$ or $\{-3, -2, \ldots, 2, 3\}$ set. An…

Applications · Statistics 2022-04-25 Bogdan Ćmiel , Jakub Nawała , Lucjan Janowski , Krzysztof Rusek

Recently, widespread 3D graphics (e.g., point clouds and meshes) have drawn considerable efforts from academia and industry to assess their perceptual quality by conducting subjective experiments. However, lacking a handy software for 3D…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Songlin Fan , Wei Gao

Gaussian Splatting (GS) has recently emerged as a promising technique for 3D object reconstruction, delivering high-quality rendering results with significantly improved reconstruction speed. As variants continue to appear, assessing the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Tianang Chen , Jian Jin , Shilv Cai , Zhuangzi Li , Weisi Lin

Recently, image quality has been generally describedby a mean opinion score (MOS). However, we observe that thequality scores of an image given by a group of subjects are verysubjective and diverse. Thus it is not enough to use a MOS…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-03 Yixuan Gao , Xiongkuo Min , Wenhan Zhu , Xiao-Ping Zhang , Guangtao Zhai

Gaussian Splatting (GS) has emerged as an efficient representation for high-quality 3D reconstruction and novel view synthesis. However, its large model size poses challenges for storage and transmission. While several GS compression…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-27 Pedro Martin , António Rodrigues , João Ascenso , Maria Paula Queluz

With the rapid advancement of Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), MLLM-based Image Quality Assessment (IQA) methods have shown promising performance in linguistic quality description. However, current methods still fall short in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Zhiyuan You , Xin Cai , Jinjin Gu , Tianfan Xue , Chao Dong

It is an important task to faithfully evaluate the perceptual quality of output images in many applications such as image compression, image restoration and multimedia streaming. A good image quality assessment (IQA) model should not only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Wufeng Xue , Lei Zhang , Xuanqin Mou , Alan C. Bovik

We present GMLv2, a reference-based model designed for the prediction of subjective audio quality as measured by MUSHRA scores. GMLv2 introduces a Beta distribution-based loss to model the listener ratings and incorporates additional neural…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Vishnu Raj , Gouthaman KV , Shiv Gehlot , Lars Villemoes , Arijit Biswas

This paper introduces a novel double stimulus subjective assessment methodology for the evaluation of high quality images to address the limitations of existing protocols in detecting subtle perceptual differences. The In-place Double…

The MUSHRA framework is widely used for detecting subtle audio quality differences but traditionally relies on expert listeners in controlled environments, making it costly and impractical for model development. As a result, objective…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-03 Laura Lechler , Chamran Moradi , Ivana Balic

Research on image quality assessment (IQA) remains limited mainly due to our incomplete knowledge about human visual perception. Existing IQA algorithms have been designed or trained with insufficient subjective data with a small degree of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Lucie Lévêque , Ji Yang , Xiaohan Yang , Pengfei Guo , Kenneth Dasalla , Leida Li , Yingying Wu , Hantao Liu

Image quality assessment (IQA) plays a critical role in optimizing radiation dose and developing novel medical imaging techniques in computed tomography (CT). Traditional IQA methods relying on hand-crafted features have limitations in…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-11-15 Tao Song , Ruizhi Hou , Lisong Dai , Lei Xiang

Multimodal sentiment analysis (MSA) systems leverage information from different modalities to predict human sentiment intensities. Incomplete modality is an important issue that may cause a significant performance drop in MSA systems. By…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Zhongyi Sang , Kotaro Funakoshi , Manabu Okumura

The societal need to leverage third-party data has driven the data-distribution market and increased the importance of data quality assessment (DQA) in data transactions between organizations. However, DQA requires expert knowledge of raw…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Yuka Haruki , Kei Kato , Yuki Enami , Hiroaki Takeuchi , Daiki Kazuno , Kotaro Yamada , Teruaki Hayashi

Assessment of multimedia quality relies heavily on subjective assessment, and is typically done by human subjects in the form of preferences or continuous ratings. Such data is crucial for analysis of different multimedia processing…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2018-01-26 Manish Narwaria , Lukas Krasula , Patrick Le Callet

The use of synthetic data in machine learning applications and research offers many benefits, including performance improvements through data augmentation, privacy preservation of original samples, and reliable method assessment with fully…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Joanna Komorniczak
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