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[Context:] Model-based testing is an instrument for automated generation of test cases. It requires identifying requirements in documents, understanding them syntactically and semantically, and then translating them into a test model. One…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-08-26 Jannik Fischbach , Maximilian Junker , Andreas Vogelsang , Dietmar Freudenstein

Neural machine translation (NMT) has arguably achieved human level parity when trained and evaluated at the sentence-level. Document-level neural machine translation has received less attention and lags behind its sentence-level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-12 Elman Mansimov , Gábor Melis , Lei Yu

Accurate evidence retrieval is essential for automated fact checking. Little previous research has focused on the differences between true and false claims and how they affect evidence retrieval. This paper shows that, compared with true…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Mingwen Dong , Christos Christodoulopoulos , Sheng-Min Shih , Xiaofei Ma

For both human readers and pre-trained language models (PrLMs), lexical diversity may lead to confusion and inaccuracy when understanding the underlying semantic meanings of given sentences. By substituting complex words with simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Rongzhou Bao , Jiayi Wang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao

The growing volume of unstructured data within organizations poses significant challenges for data analysis and process automation. Unstructured data, which lacks a predefined format, encompasses various forms such as emails, reports, and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Kelly Kurowski , Xixi Lu , Hajo A. Reijers

Legal professionals need to write analyses that rely on citations to relevant precedents, i.e., previous case decisions. Intelligent systems assisting legal professionals in writing such documents provide great benefits but are challenging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Abe Bohan Hou , Orion Weller , Guanghui Qin , Eugene Yang , Dawn Lawrie , Nils Holzenberger , Andrew Blair-Stanek , Benjamin Van Durme

We propose BERTScore, an automatic evaluation metric for text generation. Analogously to common metrics, BERTScore computes a similarity score for each token in the candidate sentence with each token in the reference sentence. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Tianyi Zhang , Varsha Kishore , Felix Wu , Kilian Q. Weinberger , Yoav Artzi

Language models often pre-train on large unsupervised text corpora, then fine-tune on additional task-specific data. However, typical fine-tuning schemes do not prioritize the examples that they tune on. We show that, if you can prioritize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Ian Osband , Seyed Mohammad Asghari , Benjamin Van Roy , Nat McAleese , John Aslanides , Geoffrey Irving

[Context and Motivation] Online user feedback provides valuable information to support requirements engineering (RE). However, analyzing online user feedback is challenging due to its large volume and noise. Large language models (LLMs)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Manjeshwar Aniruddh Mallya , Alessio Ferrari , Mohammad Amin Zadenoori , Jacek Dąbrowski

Text categorization is an essential task in Web content analysis. Considering the ever-evolving Web data and new emerging categories, instead of the laborious supervised setting, in this paper, we focus on the minimally-supervised setting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Xinyang Zhang , Chenwei Zhang , Luna Xin Dong , Jingbo Shang , Jiawei Han

Efficient text classification is essential for handling the increasing volume of academic publications. This study explores the use of pre-trained language models (PLMs), including BERT, SciBERT, BioBERT, and BlueBERT, fine-tuned on the Web…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Zhyar Rzgar K Rostam , Gábor Kertész

Knowledge-based question answering relies on the availability of facts, the majority of which cannot be found in structured sources (e.g. Wikipedia info-boxes, Wikidata). One of the major components of extracting facts from unstructured…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-28 Christos Christodoulopoulos , Arpit Mittal

Transformer-based language models trained on large text corpora have enjoyed immense popularity in the natural language processing community and are commonly used as a starting point for downstream tasks. While these models are undeniably…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Vinitra Swamy , Angelika Romanou , Martin Jaggi

Objective: Systematic reviews of scholarly documents often provide complete and exhaustive summaries of literature relevant to a research question. However, well-done systematic reviews are expensive, time-demanding, and labor-intensive.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Xiaoxiao Li , Rabah Al-Zaidy , Amy Zhang , Stefan Baral , Le Bao , C. Lee Giles

Pre-trained contextualized embedding models such as BERT are a standard building block in many natural language processing systems. We demonstrate that the sentence-level representations produced by some off-the-shelf contextualized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Xiliang Zhu , David Rossouw , Shayna Gardiner , Simon Corston-Oliver

Natural language understanding (NLU) has two core tasks: intent classification and slot filling. The success of pre-training language models resulted in a significant breakthrough in the two tasks. One of the promising solutions called BERT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Yu Guo , Zhilong Xie , Xingyan Chen , Huangen Chen , Leilei Wang , Huaming Du , Shaopeng Wei , Yu Zhao , Qing Li , Gang Wu

Estimation of semantic similarity is an important research problem both in natural language processing and the natural language understanding, and that has tremendous application on various downstream tasks such as question answering,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 R. Prashanth

Document Structured Extraction (DSE) aims to extract structured content from raw documents. Despite the emergence of numerous DSE systems, their unified evaluation remains inadequate, significantly hindering the field's advancement. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Zichao Li , Aizier Abulaiti , Yaojie Lu , Xuanang Chen , Jia Zheng , Hongyu Lin , Xianpei Han , Le Sun

Word embeddings, made widely popular in 2013 with the release of word2vec, have become a mainstay of NLP engineering pipelines. Recently, with the release of BERT, word embeddings have moved from the term-based embedding space to the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Arthur Câmara , Claudia Hauff

Fact triples are a common form of structured knowledge used within the biomedical domain. As the amount of unstructured scientific texts continues to grow, manual annotation of these texts for the task of relation extraction becomes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Saadullah Amin , Katherine Ann Dunfield , Anna Vechkaeva , Günter Neumann