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"Every object that biology studies is a system of systems." (Fran\c{c}ois Jacob, 1974). Most networks feature intricate architectures originating from tinkering, a repetitive use of existing components where structures are not invented but…

For every finite Petri net, we construct a commutative polynomial in two variables and with coefficients from the semiring of natural numbers. We also present an inverse construction and show that multiplication of polynomials…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-06-27 Andrey Grinblat , Viktor Lopatkin

A fundamental question in interpretability research is to what extent neural networks, particularly language models, implement reusable functions through subnetworks that can be composed to perform more complex tasks. Recent advances in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Philipp Mondorf , Sondre Wold , Barbara Plank

Modelling, specifying and reasoning about complex systems requires to process in an integrated fashion declarative and procedural aspects of the target domain. The paper reports on an experiment conducted with a propositional version of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-04 Giovanni Sileno

Heraklit is an ongoing research program and development project aimed at creating an infrastructure for modeling large-scale, computer-integrated systems. We discuss the key requirements for such models (hierarchies, user view,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Peter Fettke , Wolfgang Reisig

Interconnected ensembles of biological entities are perhaps some of the most complex systems that modern science has encountered so far. In particular, scientists have concentrated on understanding how the complexity of the interacting…

Pattern Formation and Solitons · Physics 2020-11-18 Bram A. Siebert , Cameron L. Hall , James P. Gleeson , Malbor Asllani

A generalization of modularity, called block modularity, is defined. This is a quality function which evaluates a label assignment against an arbitrary block pattern. Therefore, unlike standard modularity or its variants, arbitrary network…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-03-01 Rudy Arthur

We consider a problem of decomposition of a ternary function into a composition of binary ones from the viewpoint of communication complexity and algorithmic information theory as well as some applications to cellular automata.

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2010-12-07 Alexander Shen

We consider Gallai's graph Modular Decomposition theory for network analytics. On the one hand, by arguing that this is a choice tool for understanding structural and functional similarities among nodes in a network. On the other, by…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Carenne Ludena , Miguel mendez , Nicolas Bolivar

Cycloids are particular Petri nets for modelling processes of actions and events, belonging to the fundaments of Petri's general systems theory. Defined by four parameters they provide an algebraic formalism to describe strongly…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Rüdiger Valk , Daniel Moldt

Cycloids are particular Petri nets for modelling processes of actions and events, belonging to the fundaments of Petri's general systems theory. Defined by four parameters they provide an algebraic formalism to describe strongly…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Rüdiger Valk , Daniel Moldt

Compositional generalization is the capacity to recognize and imagine a large amount of novel combinations from known components. It is a key in human intelligence, but current neural networks generally lack such ability. This report…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Yuanpeng Li

Complex systems and their underlying convoluted networks are ubiquitous, all we need is an eye for them. They pose problems of organized complexity which cannot be approached with a reductionist method. Complexity science and its emergent…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-02-28 Massimo Franceschet

In Petri net synthesis we ask whether a given transition system $A$ can be implemented by a Petri net $N$. Depending on the level of accuracy, there are three ways how $N$ can implement $A$: an embedding, the least accurate implementation,…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Raymond Devillers , Ronny Tredup

This paper presents the foundation for a decomposition theory for Boolean networks, a type of discrete dynamical system that has found a wide range of applications in the life sciences, engineering, and physics. Given a Boolean network…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2022-06-10 Claus Kadelka , Reinhard Laubenbacher , David Murrugarra , Alan Veliz-Cuba , Matthew Wheeler

Musical pieces can be modeled as complex networks. This fosters innovative ways to categorize music, paving the way towards novel applications in multimedia domains, such as music didactics, multimedia entertainment and digital music…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2017-09-18 Stefano Ferretti

Real-world networks such as the Internet and WWW have many common traits. Until now, hundreds of models were proposed to characterize these traits for understanding the networks. Because different models used very different mechanisms, it…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2014-09-02 Bojin Zheng , Hongrun Wu , Li Kuang , Jun Qin , Wenhua Du , Jianmin Wang , Deyi Li

Complex networks are ubiquitous: a cell, the human brain, a group of people and the Internet are all examples of interconnected many-body systems characterized by macroscopic properties that cannot be trivially deduced from those of their…

The modular decomposition is a technique that applies but is not restricted to graphs. The notion of module naturally appears in the proofs of many graph theoretical theorems. Computing the modular decomposition tree is an important…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2009-12-10 Michel Habib , Christophe Paul

The problem of selection, storage, search and analysis of information about the state, functioning and interaction of elements of complex hierarchical network systems is considered. The principles of construction of information models of…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-06-17 Olexandr Polishchuk , Mykhailo Yadzhak