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Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) is the baseline sensing technology of the recently proposed Minimum Ionizing Particle (MIP) end-cap timing detectors (MTD) at the Atlas and CMS experiments. The current MTD sensor is designed as a…

This paper reports the last technological development on the Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) and introduces a new architecture of these detectors called inverse-LGAD (iLGAD). Both approaches are based on the standard Avalanche Photo…

Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD) represent a remarkable advance in high energy particle detection, since they provide a moderate increase (gain ~10) of the collected charge, thus leading to a notable improvement of the signal-to-noise…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2016-05-04 Pablo Fernandez-Martinez , David Flores , Salvador Hidalgo , Virginia Greco , Angel Merlos , Giulio Pellegrini , David Quirion

This contribution reports on characterisation results of a large-area (2$~\mathrm{cm}^2$) small pitch (55$~\mu$m) inverse Low-Gain Avalanche Detector (iLGAD), bonded to a Timepix3 readout chip. The ilGAD sensors were produced by Micron…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-01-09 Peter Svihra , Richard Bates , Justus Braach , Eric Buschmann , Dominik Dannheim , Dima Maneuski , Neil Moffat , Younes Otarid

With the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) the number of collisions per bunch crossing increases. To cope with these high rates in the pixel trackers, per-pixel time measurements are required, which implies the need for fast…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2025-11-18 Daan Oppenhuis

Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) are n-on-p silicon sensors with an extra p-layer below the collection electrode which provides signal amplification. When the primary electrons reach the amplification region new electron-hole pairs are…

The Low-Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) is a new silicon detector and holds wide application prospects in particle physics experiments due to its excellent timing resolution. The LGAD with a pixel size of 1.3 mm $\times$ 1.3 mm was used to…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2024-05-03 Weiyi Sun , Mengzhao Li , Tianyuan Zhang , Mei Zhao , Yunyun Fan , Shuqi Li , Yuan Feng , Xinhui Huang , Xuan Yang , Wei Wang , Zhijun Liang , Yuekun Heng

The Low-Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) is a semiconductor detector capable of achieving excellent timing resolution (~20 ps) for minimum ionizing particles (MIPs). To realize a pixelated detector with both high timing precision and spatial…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-04-02 Koji Nakamura , Yua Murayama , Issei Horikoshi , Mahiro Kobayashi , Koji Sato

Detectors that can simultaneously provide fine time and spatial resolution have attracted wide-spread interest for applications in several fields such as high-energy and nuclear physics as well as in low-energy electron detection, photon…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-01-29 Gabriele Giacomini , Wei Chen , Gabriele D'Amen , Alessandro Tricoli

The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be installed in the ATLAS experiment as part of the Phase-II upgrade for the High Luminosity-Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). It will mitigate pile-up effects in the forward region, and…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-02-02 A. Aboulhorma , M. Ait Tamlihat , H. M. Alfanda , O. Atanova , N. Atanov , I. Azzouzi , J. Barreiro Guimarães da Costa , T. Beau , D. Benchekroun , F. Bendebba , G. Bergamin , Y. Bimgdi , A. Blot , A. Boikov , J. Bonis , D. Boumediene , C. Brito , A. S. Brogna , A. M. Burger , L. Cadamuro , Y. Cai , N. Cartalade , R. Casanova Mohr , R. Cherkaoui El Moursli , Y. Che , X. Chen , E. Y. S. Chow , L. D. Corpe , C. G. Crozatier , L. D'Eramo , S. Dahbi , D. Dannheim , G. Daubard , Y. Davydov , J. Debevc , Y. Degerli , E. Delagnes , F. Deliot , M. Dhellot , P. Dinaucourt , G. Di Gregorio , P. J. Dos Santos De Assis , C. Duan , O. Duarte , F. Dulucq , J. Ehrecke , Y. El Ghazali , A. El Moussaouy , A. Falou , L. Fan , Y. Fan , Z. Fan , K. Farman , F. Fassi , Y. Feng , M. Ferreira , F. Filthaut , F. Fischer , P. Fusté , J. Fu , J. García Rodriquez , G. Gaspar De Andrade , V. Gautam , Z. Ge , R. Gonçalo , M. Gouighri , S. Grinstein , K. Gritsay , F. Guilloux , S. Guindon , A. Haddad , S. E. D. Hammoud , L. Han , A. M. Henriques Correia , M. Hidaoui , B. Hiti , J. Hofner , S. Hou , P. J. Hsu , X. Huang , Y. Huang , K. Hu , C. Insa , J. Jeglot , X. Jia , G. Kramberger , M. Kuriyama , B. Y. Ky , D. Lacour , A. Lafarge , B. Lakssir , A. Lantheaume , D. Laporte , C. de La Taille , M. A. L. Leite , A. Leopold , H. Li , L. Li , M. Li , S. Li , S. Li , Y. Li , Z. Li , S. Liang , Z. Liang , B. Liu , K. Liu , K. Liu , Y. L. Liu , Y. W. Liu , F. L. Lucio Alves , M. Lu , Y. J. Lu , F. Lyu , D. Macina , R. Madar , N. Makovec , S. Malyukov , I. Mandić , T. Manoussos , S. Manzoni , G. Martin-Chassard , F. Martins , L. Masetti , R. Mazini , E. Mazzeo , K. Ma , X. Ma , R. Menegasso , J-P. Meyer , Y. Miao , A. Migayron , M. Mihovilovic , M. Milovanovic , M. Missio , V. Moskalenko , N. Mouadili , A. Moussa , I. Nikolic-Audit , C. C. Ohm , H. Okawa , S. Okkerman , M. Ouchrif , C. Pénélaud , A. Parreira , B. Pascual Dias , R. E. de Paula , J. Pinol Bel , P. -O. Puhl , C. Puigdengoles Olive , M. Puklavec , J. Qin , M. Qi , H. Ren , H. Riani , S. Ridouani , V. Rogozin , L. Royer , F. Rudnyckyj , E. F. Saad , G. T. Saito , A. Salem , H. Santos , S. Scarfi , Ph. Schwemling , N. Seguin-Moreau , L. Serin , R. P. Serrano Fernandez , A. Shaikovskii , Q. Sha , L. Shan , R. Shen , X. Shi , P. Skomina , H. Smitmanns , H. L. Snoek , A. P. Soulier , A. Stein , H. Stenzel , J. Strandberg , W. Sun , X. Sun , Y. Sun , Y. Tan , K. Tariq , Y. Tayalati , S. Terzo , A. Torrento Coello , S. Trincaz-Duvoid , U. M. Vande Voorde , I. Velkovska , R. P. Vieira , L. A. Vieira Lopes , A. Visibile , A. Wang , C. Wang , S. M. Wang , T. Wang , T. Wang , W. Wang , Y. Wang , Y. Wang , J. Wan , Q. Weitzel , J. Wu , M. Wu , W. Wu , Y. Wu , L. Xia , D. Xu , H. Xu , L. Xu , Z. Yan , H. Yang , H. Yang , X. Yang , X. Yang , J. Ye , I. Youbi , J. Yuan , I. Zahir , H. Zeng , D. Zhang , J. Zhang , L. Zhang , Z. Zhang , M. Zhao , Z. Zhao , X. Zheng , Z. Zhou , Y. Zhu , X. Zhuang

For the high luminosity upgrade of the LHC at CERN, ATLAS is considering the addition of a High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) in front of the end cap and forward calorimeters at |z| = 3.5 m and covering the region 2.4 < |{\eta}| < 4 to…

Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) are thin silicon detectors with moderate internal signal amplification and time resolution as good as 17 ps for minimum ionizing particles. However, the current major limiting factor in granularity is…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-05-26 M. Nizam , K. W. Shin , S. M. Mazza , J. Ott , A. Seiden , B. Schumm , Y. Zhao

Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs) are silicon semiconductor sensors with an implanted thin p-doped multiplication layer that is designed to provide low gain. Most importantly, LGADs are specifically engineered to provide excellent…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-10-11 R. Moriya , R. Bates , M. Bullough , N. Cooke , A. Docheva , L. Lombigit , D. Maneuski , R. McFeely , N. Moffat

This paper shows the simulation and test results of 50um thick Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD) sensors designed by the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) and fabricated by the Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of…

Motivated by the need for fast timing detectors to withstand up to 2 MGy of ionizing dose at the High Luminosity Large Hadron Collider, prototype low gain avalanche detectors (LGADs) have been fabricated in single pad configuration, 2x2…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-12-20 Martin Hoeferkamp , Alissa Howard , Gregor Kramberger , Sally Seidel , Josef Sorenson , Adam Yanez

The past ten years have seen the advent of silicon-based precise timing detectors for charged particle tracking. The underlying reason for this evolution is a design innovation: the Low-Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD). In its simplicity, the…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2022-08-31 N. Cartiglia , R. Arcidiacono , M. Costa , M. Ferrero , G. Gioachin , M. Mandurrino , L. Menzio , F. Siviero , V. Sola , M. Tornago

Experiments at synchrotron radiation sources and X-ray Free-Electron Lasers in the soft X-ray energy range ($250$eV--$2$keV) stand to benefit from the adaptation of the hybrid silicon detector technology for low energy photons. Inverse Low…

Low-Gain Avalanche Diodes (LGADs) provide moderate internal gain and time resolutions of a few tens of picoseconds, making them a key technology for ultrafast timing in high-energy physics and beyond. However, both their gain and timing…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-04-28 Weiyi Sun , Mengzhao Li , Mei Zhao , Zhijun Liang

This contribution presents the design, production, and initial testing of newly developed 4H-SiC Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs). The evaluation includes performance metrics such as the internal gain layer's efficiency in enhancing…

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