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Open-ended grading is central to equitable and personalized education, yet manual grading remains time-consuming and costly, underscoring the need for automated grading systems. Although recent neural and large language model (LLM) based…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Chengshuai Zhao , Fan Zhang , Kumar Satvik Chaudhary , Yiwen Li , Lo Pang-Yun Ting , Ying-Chih Chen , Huan Liu

Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) ensure interpretability by decomposing predictions into human interpretable concepts. Yet the annotations used for training CBMs that enable this transparency are often noisy, and the impact of such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Seonghwan Park , Jueun Mun , Donghyun Oh , Namhoon Lee

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) and other concept-based interpretable models show great promise for making AI applications more transparent, which is essential in fields like medicine. Despite their success, we demonstrate that CBMs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Jessica Bader , Leander Girrbach , Stephan Alaniz , Zeynep Akata

Concept-based learning enhances prediction accuracy and interpretability by leveraging high-level, human-understandable concepts. However, existing CBL frameworks do not address survival analysis tasks, which involve predicting event times…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Stanislav R. Kirpichenko , Lev V. Utkin , Andrei V. Konstantinov , Natalya M. Verbova

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) aim to improve interpretability in Deep Learning by structuring predictions through human-understandable concepts, but they provide no way to verify whether learned concepts align with the human's intended…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Stefano Colamonaco , David Debot , Pietro Barbiero , Giuseppe Marra

The main challenges hindering the adoption of deep learning-based systems in clinical settings are the scarcity of annotated data and the lack of interpretability and trust in these systems. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) offer inherent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Cristiano Patrício , Luís F. Teixeira , João C. Neves

Concept bottleneck models map from raw inputs to concepts, and then from concepts to targets. Such models aim to incorporate pre-specified, high-level concepts into the learning procedure, and have been motivated to meet three desiderata:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Andrei Margeloiu , Matthew Ashman , Umang Bhatt , Yanzhi Chen , Mateja Jamnik , Adrian Weller

The main challenges limiting the adoption of deep learning-based solutions in medical workflows are the availability of annotated data and the lack of interpretability of such systems. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) tackle the latter by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Cristiano Patrício , Isabel Rio-Torto , Jaime S. Cardoso , Luís F. Teixeira , João C. Neves

Concept bottleneck models (CBM) aim to improve model interpretability by predicting human level "concepts" in a bottleneck within a deep learning model architecture. However, how the predicted concepts are used in predicting the target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Matthew Shen , Aliyah Hsu , Abhineet Agarwal , Bin Yu

Machine learning accelerates molecular property prediction, yet state-of-the-art Large Language Models and Graph Neural Networks operate as black boxes. In drug discovery, where safety is critical, this opacity risks masking false…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Oscar Rivera , Ziqing Wang , Matthieu Dagommer , Abhishek Pandey , Kaize Ding

Convolutional neural networks (CNN) are known to learn an image representation that captures concepts relevant to the task, but do so in an implicit way that hampers model interpretability. However, one could argue that such a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-21 Diego Marcos , Ruth Fong , Sylvain Lobry , Remi Flamary , Nicolas Courty , Devis Tuia

There is growing interest in concept-based models (CBMs) that combine high-performance and interpretability by acquiring and reasoning with a vocabulary of high-level concepts. A key requirement is that the concepts be interpretable.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Emanuele Marconato , Andrea Passerini , Stefano Teso

Concept-based models are an emerging paradigm in deep learning that constrains the inference process to operate through human-interpretable variables, facilitating explainability and human interaction. However, these architectures, on par…

Despite substantial progress in applying neural networks (NN) to multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) areas, they still largely suffer from a lack of transparency and interoperability. However, its implicit cooperative mechanism is not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Zhonghan Ge , Yuanyang Zhu , Chunlin Chen

Due to the high stakes in medical decision-making, there is a compelling demand for interpretable deep learning methods in medical image analysis. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) have emerged as an active interpretable framework…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Yibo Gao , Zheyao Gao , Xin Gao , Yuanye Liu , Bomin Wang , Xiahai Zhuang

We introduce Graph Concept Bottleneck (GCB) as a new paradigm for self-explainable text-attributed graph learning. GCB maps graphs into a subspace, concept bottleneck, where each concept is a meaningful phrase, and predictions are made…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Xiaoxue Han , Libo Zhang , Zining Zhu , Yue Ning

Extreme ocean phenomena are challenging not only to predict but to diagnose, as accurate forecasts alone do not reveal the underlying physical drivers. While recent machine learning approaches achieve strong predictive skill, they remain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Sanah Suri , Kieran Ringel , Maike Sonnewald

As AI models grow larger, the demand for accountability and interpretability has become increasingly critical for understanding their decision-making processes. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have gained attention for enhancing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Angelos Ragkousis , Sonali Parbhoo

Recent advancements in post-hoc and inherently interpretable methods have markedly enhanced the explanations of black box classifier models. These methods operate either through post-analysis or by integrating concept learning during model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Bor-Shiun Wang , Chien-Yi Wang , Wei-Chen Chiu

We introduce Concept Bottleneck Protein Language Models (CB-pLM), a generative masked language model with a layer where each neuron corresponds to an interpretable concept. Our architecture offers three key benefits: i) Control: We can…