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The reliability of segmentation models in the medical domain depends on the model's robustness to perturbations in the input space. Robustness is a particular challenge in medical imaging exhibiting various sources of image noise,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-06 Ainkaran Santhirasekaram , Avinash Kori , Mathias Winkler , Andrea Rockall , Ben Glocker

The distributed and continuous representations used by neural networks are at odds with representations employed in linguistics, which are typically symbolic. Vector quantization has been proposed as a way to induce discrete neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Bertrand Higy , Lieke Gelderloos , Afra Alishahi , Grzegorz Chrupała

Recent advancements in learning Discrete Representations as opposed to continuous ones have led to state of art results in tasks that involve Language, Audio and Vision. Some latent factors such as words, phonemes and shapes are better…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Iordanis Fostiropoulos

Learning useful representations without supervision remains a key challenge in machine learning. In this paper, we propose a simple yet powerful generative model that learns such discrete representations. Our model, the Vector…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-31 Aaron van den Oord , Oriol Vinyals , Koray Kavukcuoglu

Deep Learning models encode rich semantic information in their hidden representations. However, it remains challenging to understand which parts of this information models actually rely on when making predictions. A promising line of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Xuemin Yu , Ankur Garg , Samira Ebrahimi Kahou , Hassan Sajjad

In this paper, we explore vector quantization for acoustic unit discovery. Leveraging unlabelled data, we aim to learn discrete representations of speech that separate phonetic content from speaker-specific details. We propose two neural…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-20 Benjamin van Niekerk , Leanne Nortje , Herman Kamper

The vector quantization is a widely used method to map continuous representation to discrete space and has important application in tokenization for generative mode, bottlenecking information and many other tasks in machine learning. Vector…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Mingyuan Yan , Jiawei Wu , Rushi Shah , Dianbo Liu

Visual tokenizers are fundamental to image generation. They convert visual data into discrete tokens, enabling transformer-based models to excel at image generation. Despite their success, VQ-based tokenizers like VQGAN face significant…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Zechen Bai , Jianxiong Gao , Ziteng Gao , Pichao Wang , Zheng Zhang , Tong He , Mike Zheng Shou

Vector Quantization (VQ) is essential for discretizing continuous representations in unsupervised learning but suffers from representation collapse, causing low codebook utilization and limiting scalability. Existing solutions often rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Yongxin Zhu , Bocheng Li , Yifei Xin , Zhihua Xia , Linli Xu

Neural network quantization is becoming an industry standard to efficiently deploy deep learning models on hardware platforms, such as CPU, GPU, TPU, and FPGAs. However, we observe that the conventional quantization approaches are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-19 Ji Lin , Chuang Gan , Song Han

Learning compact and meaningful latent space representations has been shown to be very useful in generative modeling tasks for visual data. One particular example is applying Vector Quantization (VQ) in variational autoencoders (VQ-VAEs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Xin Li , Anand Sarwate

One challenge of integrating speech input with large language models (LLMs) stems from the discrepancy between the continuous nature of audio data and the discrete token-based paradigm of LLMs. To mitigate this gap, we propose a method for…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-20 Mu Yang , Szu-Jui Chen , Jiamin Xie , John Hansen

Vector quantization(VQ) is a lossy data compression technique from signal processing for which simple competitive learning is one standard method to quantize patterns from the input space. Extending competitive learning VQ to the domain of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2010-01-07 Brijnesh J. Jain , Klaus Obermayer

Quantization has been proven to be an effective method for reducing the computing and/or storage cost of DNNs. However, the trade-off between the quantization bitwidth and final accuracy is complex and non-convex, which makes it difficult…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Cheng Gong , Yao Chen , Ye Lu , Tao Li , Cong Hao , Deming Chen

The field of emergent communication aims to understand the characteristics of communication as it emerges from artificial agents solving tasks that require information exchange. Communication with discrete messages is considered a desired…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Boaz Carmeli , Ron Meir , Yonatan Belinkov

Built upon vector quantization (VQ), discrete audio codec models have achieved great success in audio compression and auto-regressive audio generation. However, existing models face substantial challenges in perceptual quality and signal…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-20 Zhikang Niu , Sanyuan Chen , Long Zhou , Ziyang Ma , Xie Chen , Shujie Liu

Voice conversion (VC) is a task that transforms the source speaker's timbre, accent, and tones in audio into another one's while preserving the linguistic content. It is still a challenging work, especially in a one-shot setting.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-09 Da-Yi Wu , Yen-Hao Chen , Hung-Yi Lee

Vector quantization (VQ) is a key technique in high-resolution and high-fidelity image synthesis, which aims to learn a codebook to encode an image with a sequence of discrete codes and then generate an image in an auto-regression manner.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Guotao Liang , Baoquan Zhang , Yaowei Wang , Xutao Li , Yunming Ye , Huaibin Wang , Chuyao Luo , Kola Ye , linfeng Luo

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has become a core technique in speech processing, but the high dimensionality of its representations makes discretization essential for improving efficiency. However, existing discretization methods still…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Xueqing Li , Hao Ma , Zehan Li , Rujin Chen , Boyu Zhu , Ruihao Jing , Jian Kang , Jie Li , Chi Zhang , Xiao-Lei Zhang , Xuelong Li

Disentangled representation learning aims to represent the underlying generative factors of a dataset in a latent representation independently of one another. In our work, we propose a discrete variational autoencoder (VAE) based model…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Gulcin Baykal , Melih Kandemir , Gozde Unal