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In this paper, we explore the approximation theory of functions defined on graphs. Our study builds upon the approximation results derived from the $K$-functional. We establish a theoretical framework to assess the lower bounds of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Guangrui Yang , Jianfei Li , Ming Li , Han Feng , Ding-Xuan Zhou

Learning useful node and graph representations with graph neural networks (GNNs) is a challenging task. It is known that deep GNNs suffer from over-smoothing where, as the number of layers increases, node representations become nearly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-28 Pantelis Elinas , Edwin V. Bonilla

Our study reveals new theoretical insights into over-smoothing and feature over-correlation in graph neural networks. Specifically, we demonstrate that with increased depth, node representations become dominated by a low-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Andreas Roth , Thomas Liebig

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have achieved remarkable empirical success in processing and representing graph-structured data across various domains. However, a significant challenge known as "oversmoothing" persists, where vertex features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Ziang Chen , Zhengjiang Lin , Shi Chen , Yury Polyanskiy , Philippe Rigollet

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved promising performance on a wide range of graph-based tasks. Despite their success, one severe limitation of GNNs is the over-smoothing issue (indistinguishable representations of nodes in different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Deli Chen , Yankai Lin , Wei Li , Peng Li , Jie Zhou , Xu Sun

Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) are powerful for processing graph-structured data and have achieved state-of-the-art performance in several tasks such as node classification, link prediction, and graph classification. However, it is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Langzhang Liang , Cuiyun Gao , Shiyi Chen , Shishi Duan , Yu pan , Junjin Zheng , Lei Wang , Zenglin Xu

Graph convolutional networks (GCNs) are a powerful deep learning approach for graph-structured data. Recently, GCNs and subsequent variants have shown superior performance in various application areas on real-world datasets. Despite their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Ming Chen , Zhewei Wei , Zengfeng Huang , Bolin Ding , Yaliang Li

Graph convolutional networks (GCNs) have shown promising results in processing graph data by extracting structure-aware features. This gave rise to extensive work in geometric deep learning, focusing on designing network architectures that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Yimeng Min , Frederik Wenkel , Guy Wolf

Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) is a pioneering model for graph-based semi-supervised learning. However, GCN does not perform well on sparsely-labeled graphs. Its two-layer version cannot effectively propagate the label information to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Wei Ye , Zexi Huang , Yunqi Hong , Ambuj Singh

In this paper, we study the factors that contribute to the effect of oversmoothing in deep Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). Specifically, our analysis is based on a new metric (Mean Average Squared Distance - $MASED$) to quantify the extent of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Dimitrios Kelesis , Dimitris Fotakis , Georgios Paliouras

\emph{Over-fitting} and \emph{over-smoothing} are two main obstacles of developing deep Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) for node classification. In particular, over-fitting weakens the generalization ability on small dataset, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-13 Yu Rong , Wenbing Huang , Tingyang Xu , Junzhou Huang

It is known that the current graph neural networks (GNNs) are difficult to make themselves deep due to the problem known as over-smoothing. Multi-scale GNNs are a promising approach for mitigating the over-smoothing problem. However, there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-07 Kenta Oono , Taiji Suzuki

In recent years, hypergraph learning has attracted great attention due to its capacity in representing complex and high-order relationships. However, current neural network approaches designed for hypergraphs are mostly shallow, thus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Guanzi Chen , Jiying Zhang , Xi Xiao , Yang Li

Graph convolutional networks have been successfully applied in various graph-based tasks. In a typical graph convolutional layer, node features are updated by aggregating neighborhood information. Repeatedly applying graph convolutions can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Haimin Zhang , Min Xu , Guoqiang Zhang , Kenta Niwa

Oversmoothing in Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) poses a significant challenge as network depth increases, leading to homogenized node representations and a loss of expressiveness. In this work, we approach the oversmoothing problem from a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Biswadeep Chakraborty , Harshit Kumar , Saibal Mukhopadhyay

Recent years have witnessed remarkable success achieved by graph neural networks (GNNs) in many real-world applications such as recommendation and drug discovery. Despite the success, oversmoothing has been identified as one of the key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Wei Jin , Xiaorui Liu , Yao Ma , Charu Aggarwal , Jiliang Tang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are models that leverage the graph structure to transmit information between nodes, typically through the message-passing operation. While widely successful, this approach is well known to suffer from the…

It has been discovered that Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) encounter a remarkable drop in performance when multiple layers are piled up. The main factor that accounts for why deep GCNs fail lies in over-smoothing, which isolates the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Jiaqi Han , Wenbing Huang , Yu Rong , Tingyang Xu , Fuchun Sun , Junzhou Huang

Oversmoothing has been claimed as a primary bottleneck for multi-layered graph neural networks (GNNs). Multiple analyses have examined how and why oversmoothing occurs. However, none of the prior work addressed how optimization is performed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 MoonJeong Park , Dongwoo Kim

Graph neural networks have shown significant success in the field of graph representation learning. Graph convolutions perform neighborhood aggregation and represent one of the most important graph operations. Nevertheless, one layer of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Meng Liu , Hongyang Gao , Shuiwang Ji