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Continual learning (CL) has traditionally focused on minimizing exemplar memory, a constraint often misaligned with modern systems where GPU time, not storage, is the primary bottleneck. This paper challenges this paradigm by investigating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Dongkyu Cho , Taesup Moon , Rumi Chunara , Kyunghyun Cho , Sungmin Cha

Continual learning -- the ability to acquire knowledge incrementally without forgetting previous skills -- is fundamental to natural intelligence. While the human brain excels at this, artificial neural networks struggle with "catastrophic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Aoi Otani

Although deep learning approaches have stood out in recent years due to their state-of-the-art results, they continue to suffer from catastrophic forgetting, a dramatic decrease in overall performance when training with new classes added…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Francisco M. Castro , Manuel J. Marín-Jiménez , Nicolás Guil , Cordelia Schmid , Karteek Alahari

Continual learning (CL), which aims to learn a sequence of tasks, has attracted significant recent attention. However, most work has focused on the experimental performance of CL, and theoretical studies of CL are still limited. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Sen Lin , Peizhong Ju , Yingbin Liang , Ness Shroff

Large language models (LLMs) can adapt to new tasks via in-context learning (ICL) without parameter updates, making them powerful learning engines for fast adaptation. While extensive research has examined ICL as a few-shot learner, whether…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Liuwang Kang , Fan Wang , Shaoshan Liu , Hung-Chyun Chou , Chuan Lin , Ning Ding

Reinforcement learning has become the central approach for language models (LMs) to learn from environmental reward or feedback. In practice, the environmental feedback is usually sparse and delayed. Learning from such signals is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Taiwei Shi , Sihao Chen , Bowen Jiang , Linxin Song , Longqi Yang , Jieyu Zhao

Continual learning is considered a promising step towards next-generation Artificial Intelligence (AI), where deep neural networks (DNNs) make decisions by continuously learning a sequence of different tasks akin to human learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-06 Yuyang Gao , Giorgio A. Ascoli , Liang Zhao

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) technologies today are primarily optimized for given datasets; thus, any changes in the application environment (e.g., acoustic conditions or topic domains) may inevitably degrade the performance. We can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-05 Heng-Jui Chang , Hung-yi Lee , Lin-shan Lee

Continual learning aims to learn new tasks without forgetting previously learned ones. We hypothesize that representations learned to solve each task in a sequence have a shared structure while containing some task-specific properties. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Sayna Ebrahimi , Franziska Meier , Roberto Calandra , Trevor Darrell , Marcus Rohrbach

A growing body of research in continual learning focuses on the catastrophic forgetting problem. While many attempts have been made to alleviate this problem, the majority of the methods assume a single model in the continual learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Thang Doan , Seyed Iman Mirzadeh , Mehrdad Farajtabar

Deep models, e.g., CNNs and Vision Transformers, have achieved impressive achievements in many vision tasks in the closed world. However, novel classes emerge from time to time in our ever-changing world, requiring a learning system to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Da-Wei Zhou , Qi-Wei Wang , Zhi-Hong Qi , Han-Jia Ye , De-Chuan Zhan , Ziwei Liu

Humans and most animals inherently possess a distinctive capacity to continually acquire novel experiences and accumulate worldly knowledge over time. This ability, termed continual learning, is also critical for deep neural networks (DNNs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Geng Liu , Fei Zhu , Rong Feng , Zhiqiang Yi , Shiqi Wang , Gaofeng Meng , Zhaoxiang Zhang

Training deep neural networks at the edge on light computational devices, embedded systems and robotic platforms is nowadays very challenging. Continual learning techniques, where complex models are incrementally trained on small batches of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-05 Lorenzo Pellegrini , Gabriele Graffieti , Vincenzo Lomonaco , Davide Maltoni

Model-based next state prediction and state value prediction are slow to converge. To address these challenges, we do the following: i) Instead of a neural network, we do model-based planning using a parallel memory retrieval system (which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-02 John Chong Min Tan , Mehul Motani

Continual learning seeks to empower models to progressively acquire information from a sequence of tasks. This approach is crucial for many real-world systems, which are dynamic and evolve over time. Recent research has witnessed a surge in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Junwei Su , Difan Zou , Chuan Wu

The ability to continuously expand knowledge over time and utilize it to rapidly generalize to new tasks is a key feature of human linguistic intelligence. Existing models that pursue rapid generalization to new tasks (e.g., few-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Xisen Jin , Bill Yuchen Lin , Mohammad Rostami , Xiang Ren

Continual fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs) is becoming increasingly crucial as these models are deployed in dynamic environments where tasks and data distributions evolve over time. While strong adaptability enables rapid…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Yiyang Lu , Yu He , Jianlong Chen , Hongyuan Zha

Continual Learning (CL) considers the problem of training an agent sequentially on a set of tasks while seeking to retain performance on all previous tasks. A key challenge in CL is catastrophic forgetting, which arises when performance on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Samuel Kessler , Jack Parker-Holder , Philip Ball , Stefan Zohren , Stephen J. Roberts

Continual learning remains challenging due to catastrophic forgetting, where neural networks lose previously acquired knowledge when learning new tasks. Inspired by memory consolidation in neuroscience, we propose FSC-Net (Fast-Slow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Mohamed El Gorrim

Continual learning is a key feature of biological neural systems, but artificial neural networks often suffer from catastrophic forgetting. Instead of backpropagation, biologically plausible learning algorithms may enable stable continual…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Denis Larionov , Nikolay Bazenkov , Mikhail Kiselev