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Adversarial attacks on deep neural network models have seen rapid development and are extensively used to study the stability of these networks. Among various adversarial strategies, Projected Gradient Descent (PGD) is a widely adopted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Dayana Savostianova , Emanuele Zangrando , Francesco Tudisco

Projected Gradient Descent (PGD) is a strong and widely used first-order adversarial attack, yet its computational cost scales poorly, as all training samples undergo identical iterative inner-loop optimization despite contributing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Youran Ye , Dejin Wang , Ajinkya Bhandare

Adversarial attacks, particularly the Fast Gradient Sign Method (FGSM) and Projected Gradient Descent (PGD) pose significant threats to the robustness of deep learning models in image classification. This paper explores and refines defense…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Hetvi Waghela , Jaydip Sen , Sneha Rakshit

Designing powerful adversarial attacks is of paramount importance for the evaluation of $\ell_p$-bounded adversarial defenses. Projected Gradient Descent (PGD) is one of the most effective and conceptually simple algorithms to generate such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-16 Nikolaos Antoniou , Efthymios Georgiou , Alexandros Potamianos

The vulnerability of deep neural networks to small and even imperceptible perturbations has become a central topic in deep learning research. Although several sophisticated defense mechanisms have been introduced, most were later shown to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Leo Schwinn , An Nguyen , René Raab , Dario Zanca , Bjoern Eskofier , Daniel Tenbrinck , Martin Burger

In recent years, deep neural networks have demonstrated outstanding performance in many machine learning tasks. However, researchers have discovered that these state-of-the-art models are vulnerable to adversarial examples: legitimate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-10 Ting-Jui Chang , Yukun He , Peng Li

Generating adversarial examples (AEs) can be formulated as an optimization problem. Among various optimization-based attacks, the gradient-based PGD and the momentum-based MI-FGSM have garnered considerable interest. However, all these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Wei Tao , Sheng Long , Xin Liu , Wei Li , Qing Tao

As designers of artificial intelligence try to outwit hackers, both sides continue to hone in on AI's inherent vulnerabilities. Designed and trained from certain statistical distributions of data, AI's deep neural networks (DNNs) remain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Wenzhao Xiang , Hang Su , Chang Liu , Yandong Guo , Shibao Zheng

Gradient-based adversarial attacks are widely used to evaluate the robustness of 3D point cloud classifiers, yet they often rely on uniform update rules that neglect point-wise heterogeneity, leading to perceptible perturbations. We propose…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Jun Chen , Xinke Li , Mingyue Xu , Chongshou Li , Truiani Li

Gradient-based attacks are important methods for evaluating model robustness. However, since the proposal of APGD, it has been difficult for such methods to achieve significant breakthroughs. To achieve such an effect, we first analyze the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Xinlei Liu , Tao Hu , Jichao Xie , Peng Yi , Hailong Ma , Baolin Li

Recent advances show that deep neural networks are not robust to deliberately crafted adversarial examples which many are generated by adding human imperceptible perturbation to clear input. Consider $l_2$ norms attacks, Project Gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Fanyou Wu , Rado Gazo , Eva Haviarova , Bedrich Benes

We investigate adversarial-sample generation methods from a frequency domain perspective and extend standard $l_{\infty}$ Projected Gradient Descent (PGD) to the frequency domain. The resulting method, which we call Spectral Projected…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Hans Shih-Han Wang , Cory Cornelius , Brandon Edwards , Jason Martin

In this paper, we investigate the dynamics-aware adversarial attack problem in deep neural networks. Most existing adversarial attack algorithms are designed under a basic assumption -- the network architecture is fixed throughout the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-24 An Tao , Yueqi Duan , He Wang , Ziyi Wu , Pengliang Ji , Haowen Sun , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu

Deep neural network-based image classifications are vulnerable to adversarial perturbations. The image classifications can be easily fooled by adding artificial small and imperceptible perturbations to input images. As one of the most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Jindong Gu , Hengshuang Zhao , Volker Tresp , Philip Torr

Despite their remarkable performance, deep neural networks exhibit a critical vulnerability: small, often imperceptible, adversarial perturbations can lead to drastically altered model predictions. Given the stringent reliability demands of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Mohammad Mahdi Razmjoo , Mohammad Mahdi Sharifian , Saeed Bagheri Shouraki

Deep learning models are vulnerable to adversarial examples, and adversarial attacks used to generate such examples have attracted considerable research interest. Although existing methods based on the steepest descent have achieved high…

We propose an adversarial attack for facial class-specific Single Image Super-Resolution (SISR) methods. Existing attacks, such as the Fast Gradient Sign Method (FGSM) or the Projected Gradient Descent (PGD) method, are either fast but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Saurabh Goswami , Rajagopalan A. N

Gradient-based adversarial attacks on deep neural networks pose a serious threat, since they can be deployed by adding imperceptible perturbations to the test data of any network, and the risk they introduce cannot be assessed through the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Rehana Mahfuz , Rajeev Sahay , Aly El Gamal

Adversarial training, especially projected gradient descent (PGD), has proven to be a successful approach for improving robustness against adversarial attacks. After adversarial training, gradients of models with respect to their inputs…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-04-21 Ricardo Bigolin Lanfredi , Joyce D. Schroeder , Tolga Tasdizen

The transferability of adversarial examples poses a significant security challenge for deep neural networks, which can be attacked without knowing anything about them. In this paper, we propose a new Segmented Gaussian Pyramid (SGP) attack…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Zihong Guo , Chen Wan , Yayin Zheng , Hailing Kuang , Xiaohai Lu
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