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To ensure frequency stability in future low-inertia power grids, fast ancillary services such as fast frequency reserves (FFR) have been proposed. In this work, the coordination of conventional (slow) frequency containment reserves (FCR)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-08 Joakim Björk , Karl Henrik Johansson , Florian Dörfler

This work provides a design method for achieving a specified level of stability for inverter-based interconnected distributed generation. The stability of parallel connected distributed energy resources determined from a linearized…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Mahmood Saadeh , Roy McCann

A major transition in modern power systems is the replacement of conventional generation units with renewable sources of energy. The latter results in lower rotational inertia which compromises the stability of the power system, as…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-15 Andreas Kasis , Stelios Timotheou , Marios Polycarpou

For decades, power system stabilizers paired with high initial response automatic voltage regulators have served as an effective means of meeting sometimes conflicting system stability requirements. Driven primarily by increases in power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-08 Ryan T. Elliott , Payman Arabshahi , Daniel S. Kirschen

Many countries' policies have shifted rapidly towards using renewable energy for climate reasons. As a result, inverter-based resources are beginning to dominate power systems. Key elements for managing the loss of conventional generators…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-24 Waleed Breesam , Stefan M. Goetz

DC microgrids are becoming popular as effective means to integrate various renewable energy resources. Constant power loads (CPLs) may yield instability due to the negative impedance characteristic. This paper analyzes the stability of the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Zhangjie Liu , Mei Su , Yao Sun , Hua Han , Xiaochao Hou , Josep M. Guerrero

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-10-10 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

Conventional power system optimization framework is becoming less reliable and efficient due to the stability issues brought by the ever-increasing inverter-interfaced renewable penetration. To ensure system stability during system…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-26 Zhongda Chu , Fei Teng

The increasing penetration of converter-interfaced generators (CIGs) intensifies concerns over small-signal voltage and synchronization stability. While existing theories treat these two stability issues distinctly, practical wisdom in…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-14 Fuyilong Ma , Lidong Zhang , Wangqianyun Tang , Waisheng Zheng , Huanhai Xin , Linbin Huang , Lennart Harnefors

This paper proposes a systematic framework to assess the small-signal stability of power systems with high shares of grid-following inverter-based resources (IBRs) under varying controller parameters and operating conditions. Stability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-27 Francesco Conte , Fernando Mancilla-David , Federico Silvestro , Samuele Grillo

The stable operation of the electric power grid relies on a precisely synchronized state of all generators and machines. All machines rotate at exactly the same frequency with fixed phase differences, leading to steady power flows…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2020-01-09 Chiara Balestra , Franz Kaiser , Debsankha Manik , Dirk Witthaut

We show how to value both variable generation and energy storage to enable them to be integrated fairly and optimally into electricity capacity markets. We develop theory based on balancing expected energy unserved against costs of capacity…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-08-10 Stan Zachary , Amy Wilson , Chris Dent

Contemporary theories and models for electric power system stability are predicated on a widely held assumption that the mechanical inertia of the rotating mass of synchronous generators provides the sole contribution to stable and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-31 Amirhossein Sajadi , Bri-Mathias Hodge

Synchronization is essential for the operation of AC power systems: All generators in the power grid must rotate with fixed relative phases to enable a steady flow of electric power. Understanding the conditions for and the limitations of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-06 Carsten Hartmann , Philipp C. Böttcher , David Gross , Dirk Witthaut

The rapid integration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) into power systems has identified frequency security challenges due to reduced inertia and increased load volatility. This paper proposes a robust power reserve decision-making…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-16 Xiang Zhu , Hua Geng , Hongyang Qing , Guangchun , Ruan , Xiuqiang He

In the present study we consider a random network of Kuramoto oscillators with inertia in order to mimic and investigate the dynamics emerging in high-voltage power grids. The corresponding natural frequencies are assumed to be bimodally…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2020-01-08 Liudmila Tumash , Simona Olmi , Eckehard Schöll

Integration of intermittent renewable energy sources in modern power systems is increasing very fast. Replacement of synchronous generators with zero-to-low variable renewables substantially decreases the system inertia. In a large system,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-23 Mingjian Tuo , Xingpeng Li

Increased penetration of inverter-connected renewable energy sources (RES) in the power system has resulted in a decrease in available rotational inertia which serves as an immediate response to frequency deviation due to disturbances. The…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-06-25 Atinuke Ademola-Idowu , Baosen Zhang

As the penetration level of distributed energy resources (DERs) continues to rise, traditional frequency and voltage support from synchronous machines declines. This weakens grid stability and increases the need for fast and adaptive…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-06 Yan Tong , Qin Wang , Sihao Chen , Xue Hu , Zhaoyuan Wu

In modern power systems, shiftable loads contribute to the flexibility needed to increase robustness and ensure security. Thermal loads are among the most promising candidates for providing such service due to the large thermal storage time…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-01 Johanna Vorwerk , Uros Markovic , Petros Aristidou , Evangelos Vrettos , Gabriela Hug