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In-context learning (ICL) enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to learn tasks from demonstration examples without parameter updates. Although it has been extensively studied in LLMs, its effectiveness in Vision-Language Models (VLMs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Gabriel O. dos Santos , Esther Colombini , Sandra Avila

Both masked image modeling (MIM) and natural language supervision have facilitated the progress of transferable visual pre-training. In this work, we seek the synergy between two paradigms and study the emerging properties when MIM meets…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Shusheng Yang , Yixiao Ge , Kun Yi , Dian Li , Ying Shan , Xiaohu Qie , Xinggang Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong results on a range of applications, including regression and scoring tasks. Typically, one obtains outputs from an LLM via autoregressive sampling from the model's output distribution. We show…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Michal Lukasik , Harikrishna Narasimhan , Aditya Krishna Menon , Felix Yu , Sanjiv Kumar

This paper addresses end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) for long audio recordings such as lecture and conversational speeches. Most end-to-end ASR models are designed to recognize independent utterances, but contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Takaaki Hori , Niko Moritz , Chiori Hori , Jonathan Le Roux

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated their ability to learn in-context, allowing them to perform various tasks based on a few input-output examples. However, the effectiveness of in-context learning is heavily reliant on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Furu Wei

While Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) have been shown to exhibit degraded instruction-following capabilities, their ability to infer task patterns from in-context examples under audio conditioning remains unstudied. To address this gap,…

Language models have the ability to perform in-context learning (ICL), allowing them to flexibly adapt their behavior based on context. This contrasts with in-weights learning (IWL), where memorized information is encoded in model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Suraj Anand , Michael A. Lepori , Jack Merullo , Ellie Pavlick

Attention-based encoder-decoder model has achieved impressive results for both automatic speech recognition (ASR) and text-to-speech (TTS) tasks. This approach takes advantage of the memorization capacity of neural networks to learn the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Chengyi Wang , Yu Wu , Yujiao Du , Jinyu Li , Shujie Liu , Liang Lu , Shuo Ren , Guoli Ye , Sheng Zhao , Ming Zhou

Auditory foundation models, including auditory large language models (LLMs), process all sound inputs equally, independent of listener perception. However, human auditory perception is inherently selective: listeners focus on specific…

We introduce the attention-indexed model (AIM), a theoretical framework for analyzing learning in deep attention layers. Inspired by multi-index models, AIM captures how token-level outputs emerge from layered bilinear interactions over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Fabrizio Boncoraglio , Emanuele Troiani , Vittorio Erba , Lenka Zdeborová

Masked image modeling (MIM) has become a leading self-supervised learning strategy. MIMs such as Masked Autoencoder (MAE) learn strong representations by randomly masking input tokens for the encoder to process, with the decoder…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Taekyung Kim , Sanghyuk Chun , Byeongho Heo , Dongyoon Han

In this study, we investigate the integration of a large language model (LLM) with an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system, specifically focusing on enhancing rare word recognition performance. Using a 190,000-hour dataset primarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Haoxuan Wang

Confidence estimation, in which we estimate the reliability of each recognized token (e.g., word, sub-word, and character) in automatic speech recognition (ASR) hypotheses and detect incorrectly recognized tokens, is an important function…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-25 Atsunori Ogawa , Naohiro Tawara , Takatomo Kano , Marc Delcroix

Large language models (LLMs) have shown great promise for capturing contextual information in natural language processing tasks. We propose a novel approach to speaker diarization that incorporates the prowess of LLMs to exploit contextual…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-15 Tae Jin Park , Kunal Dhawan , Nithin Koluguri , Jagadeesh Balam

This paper develops a finite-sample statistical theory for in-context learning (ICL), analyzed within a meta-learning framework that accommodates mixtures of diverse task types. We introduce a principled risk decomposition that separates…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-09 Tomoya Wakayama , Taiji Suzuki

To let the state-of-the-art end-to-end ASR model enjoy data efficiency, as well as much more unpaired text data by multi-modal training, one needs to address two problems: 1) the synchronicity of feature sampling rates between speech and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-02 Yuhang Yang , Haihua Xu , Hao Huang , Eng Siong Chng , Sheng Li

End-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) commonly transcribes audio signals into sequences of characters while its performance is evaluated by measuring the word-error rate (WER). This suggests that predicting sequences of words…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-12-07 Jan Kremer , Lasse Borgholt , Lars Maaløe

End-to-end models have achieved impressive results on the task of automatic speech recognition (ASR). For low-resource ASR tasks, however, labeled data can hardly satisfy the demand of end-to-end models. Self-supervised acoustic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Cheng Yi , Shiyu Zhou , Bo Xu

End-to-end (E2E) spoken language understanding (SLU) can infer semantics directly from speech signal without cascading an automatic speech recognizer (ASR) with a natural language understanding (NLU) module. However, paired utterance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-15 Yao Qian , Ximo Bian , Yu Shi , Naoyuki Kanda , Leo Shen , Zhen Xiao , Michael Zeng

We propose a novel class of language models, Latent Thought Models (LTMs), which incorporate explicit latent thought vectors that follow an explicit prior model in latent space. These latent thought vectors guide the autoregressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Deqian Kong , Minglu Zhao , Dehong Xu , Bo Pang , Shu Wang , Edouardo Honig , Zhangzhang Si , Chuan Li , Jianwen Xie , Sirui Xie , Ying Nian Wu