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Complex organic molecules (COMs) have been observed in comets, hot cores and cold dense regions of the interstellar medium. It is generally accepted that these COMs form on icy dust grain through the recombination reaction of radicals…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2018-09-12 K. -J. Chuang

Carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) is one of the most important interstellar molecules. While it is considered that it forms on the surface of interstellar dust grains, the exact contribution of different chemical mechanisms is still poorly…

The aim of the presented work is to analyze the impact of experimentally evaluated reactions of hydrogen abstraction on surfaces of interstellar grains on the chemical evolution of methanol and its precursors on grains and in the gas phase…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-03-24 V. A. Sokolova

A new, more comprehensive model of gas-grain chemistry in hot molecular cores is presented, in which nondiffusive reaction processes on dust-grain surfaces and in ice mantles are implemented alongside traditional diffusive surface/bulk-ice…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-02-23 Robin T. Garrod , Mihwa Jin , Kayla A. Matis , Dylan Jones , Eric R. Willis , Eric Herbst

Context. In dense clouds, hydrogenation reactions on icy dust grains are key in the formation of molecules, like formaldehyde, methanol, and complex organic molecules (COMs). These species form through the sequential hydrogenation of CO…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2018-09-28 K. -J. Chuang , G. Fedoseev , D. Qasim , S. Ioppolo , E. F. van Dishoeck , H. Linnartz

The radicals HCO and CH$_3$ on carbon monoxide ice surfaces were simulated using density functional theory. Their binding energy on amorphous CO ice shows broad distributions, with approximative average values of 500 K for HCO and 200 K for…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-04-16 Thanja Lamberts , Max N. Markmeyer , Florian J. Kolb , Johannes Kästner

Recent astronomical observations have shown that interstellar complex organic molecules (COMs) exist even in cold environments ($\sim$10 K), while various interstellar COMs have conventionally been detected in the hot gas ($\gtrsim$ 100 K)…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-08-11 Yu Komatsu , Kenji Furuya

Context. Among the most significant chemical functional groups of interstellar molecules are the class of nitriles, which are proposed as key prebiotic molecules due to their chemical connection to the peptide bond after hydrolysis. CN…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-07-16 Joan Enrique-Romero , Thanja Lamberts

To correctly model the abundances of interstellar complex organic molecules (iCOMS) in different environments, both formation and destruction routes should be appropriately accounted for. While several scenarios have been explored for the…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2019-05-15 Daniela Ascenzi , Andrea Cernuto , Nadia Balucani , Paolo Tosi , Cecilia Ceccarelli , Luca Matteo Martini , Fernando Pirani

Despite the fact that the majority of current models assume that interstellar complex organic molecules (iCOMs) are formed on dust-grain surfaces, there is some evidence that neutral gas-phase reactions play an important role. In this…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2020-07-16 C. Puzzarini , Z. Salta , N. Tasinato , J. Lupi , C. Cavallotti , V. Barone

The successive addition of H atoms to CO in the solid phase has been hitherto regarded as the primary route to form methanol in dark molecular clouds. However, recent Monte Carlo simulations of interstellar ices alternatively suggested the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-06-15 Julia C. Santos , Ko-Ju Chuang , Thanja Lamberts , Gleb Fedoseev , Sergio Ioppolo , Harold Linnartz

Complex organic molecules (COMs) can be produced by energetic processing of interstellar ice mantles accreted on top of dust grains. Two COMs with proposed energetic ice formation pathways are formamide and acetaldehyde. Both have been…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2020-05-20 Rafael Martin-Domenech , Karin I. Oberg , Mahesh Rajappan

The recent observation of complex organic molecules (COMs) in interstellar ices by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), along with previous gas-phase detections, underscores the importance of grain surface and ice mantle chemistry in the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-12-16 Ryota Ichimura , Hideko Nomura , Kenji Furuya , Tetsuya Hama , T. J. Millar

In cold molecular clouds, UV photolysis of icy grain mantles generates radicals that lead to new molecule formation. When radical diffusion is limited by low temperatures, oxygen atom addition and insertion reactions, enabled by photolysis…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-07-29 Michelle R. Brann , Karin I. Öberg , Mahesh Rajappan

Solid state astrochemical reaction pathways have the potential to link the formation of small nitrogen-bearing species, like NH3 and HNCO, and prebiotic molecules, specifically amino acids. To date, the chemical origin of such small…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2017-05-26 Gleb Fedoseev , Sergio Ioppolo , Dongfeng Zhao , Thanja Lamberts , Harold Linnartz

Interstellar complex organic molecules (iCOMs) may have a link to prebiotic species, key building blocks for life. In Galactic star-forming (SF) regions, spatial variations of iCOMs emission could reflect the source physical structure or…

Context: Hydrogenation reactions are expected to be among the most important surface reactions on interstellar ices. However, solid state astrochemical laboratory data on reactions of H-atoms with common interstellar ice constituents are…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 S. E. Bisschop , G. W. Fuchs , E. F. van Dishoeck , H. Linnartz

Simple and complex organic molecules (COMs) are observed along different phases of star and planet formation and have been successfully identified in prestellar environments such as dark and translucent clouds. Yet the picture of organic…

Methanol and its precursor formaldehyde are among the most studied organic molecules in the interstellar medium and are abundant in the gaseous and solid phases. We recently developed a model to simulate CO hydrogenation via H atoms on…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-05-14 H. M. Cuppen , E. F. van Dishoeck , E. Herbst , A. G. G. M. Tielens

Interstellar complex organic molecules (COMs) are commonly observed during star formation, and are proposed to form through radical chemistry in icy grain mantles. Reactions between ions and neutral molecules in ices may provide an…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-10-05 Jennifer B. Bergner , Karin I. Oberg , Mahesh Rajappan , Edith C. Fayolle