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Token embeddings play a crucial role in language modeling but, despite this practical relevance, their theoretical understanding remains limited. Our paper addresses the gap by characterizing the structure of embeddings obtained via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Diyuan Wu , Aleksandr Shevchenko , Samet Oymak , Marco Mondelli

Answering logical queries on knowledge graphs (KG) poses a significant challenge for machine reasoning. The primary obstacle in this task stems from the inherent incompleteness of KGs. Existing research has predominantly focused on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Zezhong Xu , Peng Ye , Lei Liang , Huajun Chen , Wen Zhang

Knowledge graph embeddings are now a widely adopted approach to knowledge representation in which entities and relationships are embedded in vector spaces. In this chapter, we introduce the reader to the concept of knowledge graph…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Federico Bianchi , Gaetano Rossiello , Luca Costabello , Matteo Palmonari , Pasquale Minervini

External knowledge is often useful for natural language understanding tasks. We introduce a contextual text representation model called Conceptual-Contextual (CC) embeddings, which incorporates structured knowledge into text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-13 Xiao Zhang , Dejing Dou , Ji Wu

Knowledge base completion (KBC) methods aim at inferring missing facts from the information present in a knowledge base (KB) by estimating the likelihood of candidate facts. In the prevailing evaluation paradigm, models do not actually…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Marina Speranskaya , Martin Schmitt , Benjamin Roth

Knowledge graphs, on top of entities and their relationships, contain other important elements: literals. Literals encode interesting properties (e.g. the height) of entities that are not captured by links between entities alone. Most of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-07-19 Agustinus Kristiadi , Mohammad Asif Khan , Denis Lukovnikov , Jens Lehmann , Asja Fischer

Recent work in entity disambiguation (ED) has typically neglected structured knowledge base (KB) facts, and instead relied on a limited subset of KB information, such as entity descriptions or types. This limits the range of contexts in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Tom Ayoola , Joseph Fisher , Andrea Pierleoni

Knowledge Graphs (KGs) extracted from text sources are often noisy and lead to poor performance in downstream application tasks such as KG-based question answering.While much of the recent activity is focused on addressing the sparsity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Siddhant Arora , Srikanta Bedathur , Maya Ramanath , Deepak Sharma

Given a knowledge base (KB) with a non-entailed fact, the ABox abduction problem asks for possible extensions of the KB that would entail this fact. This problem has many applications, ranging from diagnosis to explainability and repair.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Anselm Haak , Patrick Koopmann , Yasir Mahmood , Anni-Yasmin Turhan

We introduce a novel embedding method diverging from conventional approaches by operating within function spaces of finite dimension rather than finite vector space, thus departing significantly from standard knowledge graph embedding…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-25 Louis Mozart Kamdem Teyou , Caglar Demir , Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo

Knowledge graph embedding models (KGEMs) have gained considerable traction in recent years. These models learn a vector representation of knowledge graph entities and relations, a.k.a. knowledge graph embeddings (KGEs). Learning versatile…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Nicolas Hubert , Heiko Paulheim , Pierre Monnin , Armelle Brun , Davy Monticolo

Entities lie in the heart of biomedical natural language understanding, and the biomedical entity linking (EL) task remains challenging due to the fine-grained and diversiform concept names. Generative methods achieve remarkable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Hongyi Yuan , Zheng Yuan , Sheng Yu

Due to the lack of structured knowledge applied in learning distributed representation of cate- gories, existing work cannot incorporate category hierarchies into entity information. We propose a framework that embeds entities and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-07-28 Yuezhang Li , Ronghuo Zheng , Tian Tian , Zhiting Hu , Rahul Iyer , Katia Sycara

This paper addresses the problems of missing reasoning chains and insufficient entity-level semantic understanding in large language models when dealing with tasks that require structured knowledge. It proposes a fine-tuning algorithm…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Wuyang Zhang , Yexin Tian , Xiandong Meng , Mengjie Wang , Junliang Du

Knowledge graph (KG) embeddings have shown great power in learning representations of entities and relations for link prediction tasks. Previous work usually embeds KGs into a single geometric space such as Euclidean space (zero curved),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Zongsheng Cao , Qianqian Xu , Zhiyong Yang , Xiaochun Cao , Qingming Huang

We present the Open Predicate Query Language (OPQL); a method for constructing a virtual KB (VKB) trained entirely from text. Large Knowledge Bases (KBs) are indispensable for a wide-range of industry applications such as question answering…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-16 Haitian Sun , Pat Verga , Bhuwan Dhingra , Ruslan Salakhutdinov , William W. Cohen

Knowledge Graph Embedding (KGE) techniques play a pivotal role in transforming symbolic Knowledge Graphs (KGs) into numerical representations, thereby enhancing various deep learning models for knowledge-augmented applications. Unlike…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Guanglin Niu

Knowledge Graph Embeddings (KGEs) have been intensively explored in recent years due to their promise for a wide range of applications. However, existing studies focus on improving the final model performance without acknowledging the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Xutan Peng , Guanyi Chen , Chenghua Lin , Mark Stevenson

Knowledge Graphs (KGs) are widely employed in artificial intelligence applications, such as question-answering and recommendation systems. However, KGs are frequently found to be incomplete. While much of the existing literature focuses on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Sakher Khalil Alqaaidi , Krzysztof Kochut

In the recent past, there has been a growing interest in Neural-Symbolic Integration frameworks, i.e., hybrid systems that integrate connectionist and symbolic approaches to obtain the best of both worlds. In a previous work, we proposed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Alessandro Daniele , Luciano Serafini