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High-quality personalized question banks are crucial for supporting adaptive learning and individualized assessment. Manually designing questions is time-consuming and often fails to meet diverse learning needs, making automated question…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Rui Jia , Min Zhang , Fengrui Liu , Bo Jiang , Kun Kuang , Zhongxiang Dai

Text-based Question Generation (QG) aims at generating natural and relevant questions that can be answered by a given answer in some context. Existing QG models suffer from a "semantic drift" problem, i.e., the semantics of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-16 Shiyue Zhang , Mohit Bansal

Conversational Question Generation (CQG) enhances the interactivity of conversational question-answering systems in fields such as education, customer service, and entertainment. However, traditional CQG, focusing primarily on the immediate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Shasha Guo , Lizi Liao , Jing Zhang , Cuiping Li , Hong Chen

The increase in academic dishonesty cases among college students has raised concern, particularly due to the shift towards online learning caused by the pandemic. We aim to develop and implement a method capable of generating tailored…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Yicheng Yang , Xinyu Wang , Haoming Yu , Zhiyuan Li

Educational question generation (EQG) is a crucial component of intelligent educational systems, significantly aiding self-assessment, active learning, and personalized education. While EQG systems have emerged, existing datasets typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Mengxia Yu , Bang Nguyen , Olivia Zino , Meng Jiang

Question answering (QA) models for reading comprehension have achieved human-level accuracy on in-distribution test sets. However, they have been demonstrated to lack robustness to challenge sets, whose distribution is different from that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Kazutoshi Shinoda , Saku Sugawara , Akiko Aizawa

The task of Critical Questions Generation (CQs-Gen) aims to foster critical thinking by enabling systems to generate questions that expose underlying assumptions and challenge the validity of argumentative reasoning structures. Despite…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Banca Calvo Figueras , Rodrigo Agerri

In the realm of education, student evaluation holds equal significance to imparting knowledge. To be evaluated, students usually need to go through text-based academic assessment methods. Instructors need to make a diverse set of questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Md. Alvee Ehsan , A. S. M Mehedi Hasan , Kefaya Benta Shahnoor , Syeda Sumaiya Tasneem

Clinical question answering (QA) aims to automatically answer questions from medical professionals based on clinical texts. Studies show that neural QA models trained on one corpus may not generalize well to new clinical texts from a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Xiang Yue , Xinliang Frederick Zhang , Ziyu Yao , Simon Lin , Huan Sun

We propose an end-to-end approach for synthetic QA data generation. Our model comprises a single transformer-based encoder-decoder network that is trained end-to-end to generate both answers and questions. In a nutshell, we feed a passage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Siamak Shakeri , Cicero Nogueira dos Santos , Henry Zhu , Patrick Ng , Feng Nan , Zhiguo Wang , Ramesh Nallapati , Bing Xiang

Natural question generation (QG) aims to generate questions from a passage and an answer. In this paper, we propose a novel reinforcement learning (RL) based graph-to-sequence (Graph2Seq) model for QG. Our model consists of a Graph2Seq…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-17 Yu Chen , Lingfei Wu , Mohammed J. Zaki

In real-world question-answering (QA) systems, ill-formed questions, such as wrong words, ill word order, and noisy expressions, are common and may prevent the QA systems from understanding and answering them accurately. In order to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-10-10 Ye Liu , Chenwei Zhang , Xiaohui Yan , Yi Chang , Philip S. Yu

Obtaining training data for multi-hop question answering (QA) is time-consuming and resource-intensive. We explore the possibility to train a well-performed multi-hop QA model without referencing any human-labeled multi-hop question-answer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Liangming Pan , Wenhu Chen , Wenhan Xiong , Min-Yen Kan , William Yang Wang

Designing high-quality educational questions is a challenging and time-consuming task. In this work, we propose a novel approach that utilizes prompt-based techniques to generate descriptive and reasoning-based questions. However, current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Subhankar Maity , Aniket Deroy , Sudeshna Sarkar

Recent work on Event Extraction has reframed the task as Question Answering (QA), with promising results. The advantage of this approach is that it addresses the error propagation issue found in traditional token-based classification…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Di Lu , Shihao Ran , Joel Tetreault , Alejandro Jaimes

Automatic question generation (AQG) for mathematics education remains an elusive goal for Intelligent Tutoring Systems and educators. While pre-trained transformer-based language models have significantly advanced natural language…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Kia Karbasi , Kevin Hong , Mohammad Amin Samadi , Gregory Pottie

Continual learning requires to overcome catastrophic forgetting when training a single model on a sequence of tasks. Recent top-performing approaches are prompt-based methods that utilize a set of learnable parameters (i.e., prompts) to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Li Jiao , Qiuxia Lai , Yu Li , Qiang Xu

Question Answering (QA) is a longstanding challenge in natural language processing. Existing QA works mostly focus on specific question types, knowledge domains, or reasoning skills. The specialty in QA research hinders systems from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-12 Wanjun Zhong , Yifan Gao , Ning Ding , Yujia Qin , Zhiyuan Liu , Ming Zhou , Jiahai Wang , Jian Yin , Nan Duan

Generative question answering (QA) models generate answers to questions either solely based on the parameters of the model (the closed-book setting) or additionally retrieving relevant evidence (the open-book setting). Generative QA models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Zhengbao Jiang , Jun Araki , Haibo Ding , Graham Neubig

Question Answering (QA) is key for making possible a robust communication between human and machine. Modern language models used for QA have surpassed the human-performance in several essential tasks; however, these models require large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Liubov Nikolenko , Pouya Rezazadeh Kalehbasti