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The paradigm of Transformers using the self-attention mechanism has manifested its advantage in learning graph-structured data. Yet, Graph Transformers are capable of modeling full range dependencies but are often deficient in extracting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Minhong Zhu , Zhenhao Zhao , Weiran Cai

In recent years, the Transformer architecture has proven to be very successful in sequence processing, but its application to other data structures, such as graphs, has remained limited due to the difficulty of properly defining positions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Devin Kreuzer , Dominique Beaini , William L. Hamilton , Vincent Létourneau , Prudencio Tossou

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been widely applied to various fields due to their powerful representations of graph-structured data. Despite the success of GNNs, most existing GNNs are designed to learn node representations on the fixed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Seongjun Yun , Minbyul Jeong , Sungdong Yoo , Seunghun Lee , Sean S. Yi , Raehyun Kim , Jaewoo Kang , Hyunwoo J. Kim

Transformers have become pivotal in Natural Language Processing, demonstrating remarkable success in applications like Machine Translation and Summarization. Given their widespread adoption, several works have attempted to analyze the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Swaroop Nath , Harshad Khadilkar , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are effective machine learning models for various graph learning problems. Despite their empirical successes, the theoretical limitations of GNNs have been revealed recently. Consequently, many GNN models have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-19 Ryoma Sato

Spectral graph neural networks (GNNs) learn graph representations via spectral-domain graph convolutions. However, most existing spectral graph filters are scalar-to-scalar functions, i.e., mapping a single eigenvalue to a single filtered…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Deyu Bo , Chuan Shi , Lele Wang , Renjie Liao

The Transformer architecture has recently gained considerable attention in the field of graph representation learning, as it naturally overcomes several limitations of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) with customized attention mechanisms or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Jianqing Liang , Min Chen , Jiye Liang

Transductive tasks on graphs differ fundamentally from typical supervised machine learning tasks, as the independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) assumption does not hold among samples. Instead, all train/test/validation samples are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Hamed Shirzad , Honghao Lin , Ameya Velingker , Balaji Venkatachalam , David Woodruff , Danica Sutherland

The Vision Transformer has emerged as a powerful tool for image classification tasks, surpassing the performance of convolutional neural networks (CNNs). Recently, many researchers have attempted to understand the robustness of Transformers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Gihyun Kim , Juyeop Kim , Jong-Seok Lee

With recent advancements in graph neural networks (GNNs), spectral GNNs have received increasing popularity by virtue of their ability to retrieve graph signals in the spectral domain. These models feature uniqueness in efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Ningyi Liao , Haoyu Liu , Zulun Zhu , Siqiang Luo , Laks V. S. Lakshmanan

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have been extensively studied for prediction tasks on graphs. As pointed out by recent studies, most GNNs assume local homophily, i.e., strong similarities in local neighborhoods. This assumption however limits…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Sean Li , Dongwoo Kim , Qing Wang

Graph Transformers (GTs) have demonstrated a strong capability in modeling graph structures by addressing the intrinsic limitations of graph neural networks (GNNs), such as over-smoothing and over-squashing. Recent studies have proposed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Chaohao Yuan , Kangfei Zhao , Ercan Engin Kuruoglu , Liang Wang , Tingyang Xu , Wenbing Huang , Deli Zhao , Hong Cheng , Yu Rong

Variants of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) for representation learning have been proposed recently and achieved fruitful results in various fields. Among them, Graph Attention Network (GAT) first employs a self-attention strategy to learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Heng Chang , Yu Rong , Tingyang Xu , Wenbing Huang , Somayeh Sojoudi , Junzhou Huang , Wenwu Zhu

Transformer models have recently gained popularity in graph representation learning as they have the potential to learn complex relationships beyond the ones captured by regular graph neural networks. The main research question is how to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Yuankai Luo , Veronika Thost , Lei Shi

Graph Transformers, which incorporate self-attention and positional encoding, have recently emerged as a powerful architecture for various graph learning tasks. Despite their impressive performance, the complex non-convex interactions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Hongkang Li , Meng Wang , Tengfei Ma , Sijia Liu , Zaixi Zhang , Pin-Yu Chen

Graph transformers are the state-of-the-art for learning from graph-structured data and are empirically known to avoid several pitfalls of message-passing architectures. However, there is limited theoretical analysis on why these models…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-19 Nil Ayday , Lingchu Yang , Debarghya Ghoshdastidar

Incorporating spectral information to enhance Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) has shown promising results but raises a fundamental challenge due to the inherent ambiguity of eigenvectors. Various architectures have been proposed to address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Bohang Zhang , Lingxiao Zhao , Haggai Maron

The Transformer architecture has achieved remarkable success in a number of domains including natural language processing and computer vision. However, when it comes to graph-structured data, transformers have not achieved competitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Zaixi Zhang , Qi Liu , Qingyong Hu , Chee-Kong Lee

It is well established that spectral graph neural networks (GNNs) can universally approximate node signals; however, their expressive power remains bounded by the 1-dimensional Weisfeiler-Lehman test, which is mirrored in their lack of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiaohan Wang , Deyu Bo , Longlong Li , Kelin Xia

Graph Transformer (GT), as a special type of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), utilizes multi-head attention to facilitate high-order message passing. However, this also imposes several limitations in node classification applications: 1) nodes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Jiajun Zhou , Xuanze Chen , Chenxuan Xie , Yu Shanqing , Qi Xuan , Xiaoniu Yang