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Extremely large-scale multiple-input-multiple output (XL-MIMO) is a promising technology to achieve high spectral efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) in future wireless systems. The larger array aperture of XL-MIMO makes…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Bokai Xu , Jiayi Zhang , Hongyang Du , Zhe Wang , Yuanwei Liu , Dusit Niyato , Bo Ai , Khaled B. Letaief

Extremely large antenna array (ELAA) is key to enhancing spectral efficiency in 6G networks. Leveraging the distributed nature of multi-unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems enables the formation of distributed ELAA, which often operate in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-10 Tianyu Huo , Jian Xiong , Yiyan Wu , Songjie Yang , Bo Liu , Wenjun Zhang

The use of high-frequency bands, combined with antenna arrays containing an extremely large number of elements (XL-MIMO), is pushing current technology to its limits in terms of hardware complexity, latency, and power consumption. A…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-05 Mattia Fabiani , Giulia Torcolacci , Davide Dardari

In an extra-large scale MIMO (XL-MIMO) system, the antenna arrays have a large physical size that goes beyond the dimensions in traditional MIMO systems. Because of this large dimensionality, the optimization of an XL-MIMO system leads to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-04 Abolfazl Amiri , Carles Navarro Manch'on , Elisabeth de Carvalho

Extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) is expected to be an important technology in future sixth generation (6G) networks. Compared with conventional single-polarized XL-MIMO, where signals are transmitted and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Shuhao Zeng , Boya Di , Hongliang Zhang , Zhu Han , H. Vincent Poor

The mid-band frequency range, combined with extra large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO), is emerging as a key enabler for future communication systems. Thanks to the advent of new spectrum resources and degrees of freedom…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-06 Jiachen Tian , Yu Han , Zhengtao Jin , Xi Yang , Jie Yang , Wankai Tang , Xiao Li , Wenjin Wang , Shi Jin

Extremely large-scale array (XL-array) has emerged as a promising technology to enable near-field communications for achieving enhanced spectrum efficiency and spatial resolution, by drastically increasing the number of antennas. However,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Cong Zhou , Changsheng You , Haodong Zhang , Li Chen , Shuo Shi

Next-generation communication and localization systems increasingly rely on extremely large-scale arrays (XL-arrays), which promise unprecedented spatial resolution and new functionalities. These gains arise from their inherent operation in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-22 Gilles Monnoyer , Jérôme Louveaux , Laurence Defraigne , Baptiste Sambon , Luc Vandendorpe

Noncoherent communication systems have regained interest due to the growing demand for high-mobility and low-latency applications. Most existing studies using large antenna arrays rely on the far-field approximation, which assumes locally…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-26 Aniol Martí , Luca Sanguinetti , Meritxell Lamarca , Jaume Riba

Extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) is a key enabling technology for sixth-generation (6G) communication systems. Nevertheless, the increase in array aperture and signal bandwidth brings new challenges to wideband…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-23 Qingxia Feng , Yin Fang , Meng Hua , Cheng Zhang , Chunguo Li , Yongming Huang , Luxi Yang

This paper investigates a coordinated multi-cell integrated sensing, communication, and powering (ISCAP) system operating in the electromagnetic near field, where each base station (BS) employs an extremely large-scale antenna array (ELAA)…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Yuan Guo , Yilong Chen , Zixiang Ren , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Jie Xu

Extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) is a promising technique to enable versatile applications for future wireless communications.To realize the huge potential performance gain, accurate channel state information…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Hao Lei , Jiayi Zhang , Huahua Xiao , Xiaodan Zhang , Bo Ai , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng

Modern MIMO communication systems are almost exclusively designed under the assumption of locally plane wavefronts over antenna arrays. This is known as the far-field approximation and is soundly justified at sub-6-GHz frequencies at most…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Giacomo Bacci , Luca Sanguinetti , Emil Björnson

Massive antenna arrays form physically large apertures with a beam-focusing capability, leading to outstanding wireless power transfer (WPT) efficiency paired with low radiation levels outside the focusing region. However, leveraging these…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-28 Benjamin J. B. Deutschmann , Thomas Wilding , Maximilian Graber , Klaus Witrisal

Large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) holds great promise for the fifth-generation (5G) and future communication systems. In near-field scenarios, the spherical wavefront model is commonly utilized to accurately depict the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-14 Hao Jiang , Wangqi Shi , Xiao Chen , Qiuming Zhu , Zhen Chen

We study the design of receivers in extra-large scale MIMO (XL-MIMO) systems, i.e. systems in which the base station is equipped with an antenna array of extremely large dimensions. While XL-MIMO can significantly increase the system's…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-15 Abolfazl Amiri , Sajad Rezaie , Carles Navarro Manchon , Elisabeth de Carvalho

Integrating efficient connectivity, positioning and sensing functionalities into 5G New Radio (NR) and beyond mobile cellular systems is one timely research paradigm, especially at mm-wave and sub-THz bands. In this article, we address the…

Modularity is a key organizing principle in real-world large-scale complex networks. Many real-world networks exhibit modular structures such as transportation infrastructures, communication networks and social media. Having the knowledge…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-02-26 Eitan Asher , Hillel Sanhedrai , Nagendra K. Panduranga , Reuven Cohen , Shlomo Havlin

Existing near-field channel estimation methods for extremely large-scale MIMO (XL-MIMO) typically discretize angle and range parameters jointly, resulting in large polar-domain codebooks. This paper proposes a novel framework that…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-15 Feng Xi , Dehui Yang

To address the complexities of spatial non-stationary (SnS) effects and spherical wave propagation in near-field channel estimation (CE) for extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) systems, this paper proposes an…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-01 Shuhang Yang , Puguang An , Peng Yang , Xianbin Cao , Dapeng Oliver Wu , Tony Q. S. Quek