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Prompt learning represents a promising method for adapting pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) to various downstream tasks by learning a set of text embeddings. One challenge inherent to these methods is the poor generalization…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Fangming Cui , Xun Yang , Chao Wu , Liang Xiao , Xinmei Tian

Prompt tuning has emerged as a key technique for adapting large pre-trained Decision Transformers (DTs) in offline Reinforcement Learning (RL), particularly in multi-task and few-shot settings. The Prompting Decision Transformer (PDT)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Finn Rietz , Oleg Smirnov , Sara Karimi , Lele Cao

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable machine translation (MT) abilities via prompting, even though they were not explicitly trained for this task. However, even given the incredible quantities of data they are trained on,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Marjan Ghazvininejad , Hila Gonen , Luke Zettlemoyer

We introduce REPLUG, a retrieval-augmented language modeling framework that treats the language model (LM) as a black box and augments it with a tuneable retrieval model. Unlike prior retrieval-augmented LMs that train language models with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Weijia Shi , Sewon Min , Michihiro Yasunaga , Minjoon Seo , Rich James , Mike Lewis , Luke Zettlemoyer , Wen-tau Yih

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities, with optimizing their input prompts playing a pivotal role in maximizing their performance. However, while LLM prompts consist of both the task-agnostic system prompts and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Yumin Choi , Jinheon Baek , Sung Ju Hwang

Prompt-based tuning has been proven effective for pretrained language models (PLMs). While most of the existing work focuses on the monolingual prompts, we study the multilingual prompts for multilingual PLMs, especially in the zero-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Lianzhe Huang , Shuming Ma , Dongdong Zhang , Furu Wei , Houfeng Wang

Large language models (LLMs) are excellent in-context learners. However, the sensitivity of data contained in prompts raises privacy concerns. Our work first shows that these concerns are valid: we instantiate a simple but highly effective…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Haonan Duan , Adam Dziedzic , Nicolas Papernot , Franziska Boenisch

Prompt tuning has become a prominent strategy for enhancing the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) on downstream tasks. Many IT enterprises now offer Prompt-Tuning-as-a-Service to fulfill the growing demand for prompt tuning LLMs…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Wei Gao , Peng Sun , Dmitrii Ustiugov , Tianwei Zhang , Yonggang Wen

The performance of Visio-Language Transformers drops sharply when an input modality (e.g., image) is missing, because the model is forced to make predictions using incomplete information. Existing missing-aware prompt methods help reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Jueqing Lu , Yuanyuan Qi , Xiaohao Yang , Shuaicheng Niu , Fucai Ke , Shujie Zhou , Wei Tan , Jionghao Lin , Wray Buntine , Hamid Rezatofighi , Lan Du

Recently, prompt tuning (PT) has gained increasing attention as a parameter-efficient way of tuning pre-trained language models (PLMs). Despite extensively reducing the number of tunable parameters and achieving satisfying performance, PT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Yufei Huang , Yujia Qin , Huadong Wang , Yichun Yin , Maosong Sun , Zhiyuan Liu , Qun Liu

Optimizing instructions for large language models (LLMs) is critical for harnessing their full potential in complex and diverse tasks. However, relying solely on white-box approaches demands extensive computational resources and offers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Yanwei Ren , Liu Liu , Baosheng Yu , Jiayan Qiu , Quan Chen

Instruction fine-tuning has recently emerged as a promising approach for improving the zero-shot capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) on new tasks. This technique has shown particular strength in improving the performance of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Jiuding Sun , Chantal Shaib , Byron C. Wallace

Black-Box prompt optimization methods have emerged as a promising strategy for refining input prompts to better align large language models (LLMs), thereby enhancing their task performance. Although these methods have demonstrated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Ziyu Zhou , Yihang Wu , Jingyuan Yang , Zhan Xiao , Rongjun Li

Methods for adapting language models (LMs) to new tasks and domains have traditionally assumed white-box access to the model, and work by modifying its parameters. However, this is incompatible with a recent trend in the field, where the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Aitor Ormazabal , Mikel Artetxe , Eneko Agirre

Pre-trained vision-language (V-L) models such as CLIP have shown excellent generalization ability to downstream tasks. However, they are sensitive to the choice of input text prompts and require careful selection of prompt templates to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Muhammad Uzair Khattak , Hanoona Rasheed , Muhammad Maaz , Salman Khan , Fahad Shahbaz Khan

Recent advances in large pre-trained language models (PLMs) lead to impressive gains in natural language understanding (NLU) tasks with task-specific fine-tuning. However, directly fine-tuning PLMs heavily relies on sufficient labeled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-24 Canyu Chen , Kai Shu

While traditional machine learning can effectively tackle a wide range of problems, it primarily operates within a closed-world setting, which presents limitations when dealing with streaming data. As a solution, incremental learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Hai-Long Sun , Da-Wei Zhou , De-Chuan Zhan , Han-Jia Ye

Federated learning (FL) has enabled global model training on decentralized data in a privacy-preserving way by aggregating model updates. However, for many natural language processing (NLP) tasks that utilize pre-trained language models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-25 Haodong Zhao , Wei Du , Fangqi Li , Peixuan Li , Gongshen Liu

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming a popular tool as they have significantly advanced in their capability to tackle a wide range of language-based tasks. However, LLMs applications are highly vulnerable to prompt injection attacks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Md Abdur Rahman , Fan Wu , Alfredo Cuzzocrea , Sheikh Iqbal Ahamed

Prompt tuning is a technology that tunes a small set of parameters to steer a pre-trained language model (LM) to directly generate the output for downstream tasks. Recently, prompt tuning has demonstrated its storage and computation…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-02 Kai-Wei Chang , Yu-Kai Wang , Hua Shen , Iu-thing Kang , Wei-Cheng Tseng , Shang-Wen Li , Hung-yi Lee