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Models of language trained on very large corpora have been demonstrated useful for NLP. As fixed artifacts, they have become the object of intense study, with many researchers "probing" the extent to which linguistic abstractions, factual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Leo Z. Liu , Yizhong Wang , Jungo Kasai , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Noah A. Smith

Previous works show that Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) can capture factual knowledge. However, some analyses reveal that PLMs fail to perform it robustly, e.g., being sensitive to the changes of prompts when extracting factual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Shaobo Li , Xiaoguang Li , Lifeng Shang , Chengjie Sun , Bingquan Liu , Zhenzhou Ji , Xin Jiang , Qun Liu

Disentangled representation learning offers useful properties such as dimension reduction and interpretability, which are essential to modern deep learning approaches. Although deep learning techniques have been widely applied to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-11 Sichen Zhao , Wei Shao , Jeffrey Chan , Flora D. Salim

Prototype learning, a popular machine learning method designed for inherently interpretable decisions, leverages similarities to learned prototypes for classifying new data. While it is mainly applied in computer vision, in this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Claudio Fanconi , Moritz Vandenhirtz , Severin Husmann , Julia E. Vogt

Reinforcement learning (RL) promises to expand the capabilities of language models, but it is unclear if current RL techniques promote the discovery of novel behaviors, or simply sharpen those already present in the base model. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jens Tuyls , Dylan J. Foster , Akshay Krishnamurthy , Jordan T. Ash

Although the self-supervised pre-training of transformer models has resulted in the revolutionizing of natural language processing (NLP) applications and the achievement of state-of-the-art results with regard to various benchmarks, this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Xiang Chen , Xin Xie , Zhen Bi , Hongbin Ye , Shumin Deng , Ningyu Zhang , Huajun Chen

To measure how well pretrained representations encode some linguistic property, it is common to use accuracy of a probe, i.e. a classifier trained to predict the property from the representations. Despite widespread adoption of probes,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-30 Elena Voita , Ivan Titov

Deep learning methods employ multiple processing layers to learn hierarchical representations of data and have produced state-of-the-art results in many domains. Recently, a variety of model designs and methods have blossomed in the context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-11-27 Tom Young , Devamanyu Hazarika , Soujanya Poria , Erik Cambria

Despite the increasing prevalence of large language models (LLMs), we still have a limited understanding of how their representational spaces are structured. This limits our ability to interpret how and what they learn or relate them to…

Contemporary deep learning models effectively handle languages with diverse morphology despite not being directly integrated into them. Morphology and word order are closely linked, with the latter incorporated into transformer-based models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Poulami Ghosh , Shikhar Vashishth , Raj Dabre , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

The emergence of large-scale pretrained language models has posed unprecedented challenges in deriving explanations of why the model has made some predictions. Stemmed from the compositional nature of languages, spurious correlations have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Ruochen Zhao , Shafiq Joty , Yongjie Wang , Tan Wang

In safety-critical applications, language models should be able to characterize their uncertainty with meaningful probabilities. Many uncertainty quantification approaches require supervised data; however, finding suitable unseen…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Sophia Hager , Simon Zeng , Nicholas Andrews

Large Language Models (LLMs) are able to improve their responses when instructed to do so, a capability known as self-correction. When instructions provide only the task's goal without specific details about potential issues in the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Guangliang Liu , Haitao Mao , Bochuan Cao , Zhiyu Xue , Xitong Zhang , Rongrong Wang , Jiliang Tang , Kristen Johnson

As large language models become increasingly capable, there is growing concern that they may develop reasoning processes that are encoded or hidden from human oversight. To investigate whether current interpretability techniques can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Ching Fang , Samuel Marks

Massive language models are the core of modern NLP modeling and have been shown to encode impressive amounts of commonsense and factual information. However, that knowledge exists only within the latent parameters of the model, inaccessible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Pat Verga , Haitian Sun , Livio Baldini Soares , William W. Cohen

Pretrained transformer-based Language Models (LMs) are well-known for their ability to achieve significant improvement on NLP tasks, but their black-box nature, which leads to a lack of interpretability, has been a major concern. My…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Ximing Wen

Next-word predictions from autoregressive neural language models show remarkable sensitivity to syntax. This work evaluates the extent to which this behavior arises as a result of a learned ability to maintain implicit representations of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Tiwalayo Eisape , Vineet Gangireddy , Roger P. Levy , Yoon Kim

While Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in reasoning, whether they can sustain persistent latent states remains under-explored. The capacity to maintain and manipulate unexpressed, internal representations-analogous to human working…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Jen-tse Huang , Kaiser Sun , Wenxuan Wang , Mark Dredze

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit a robust mastery of syntax when processing and generating text. While this suggests internalized understanding of hierarchical syntax and dependency relations, the precise mechanism by which they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Ananth Agarwal , Jasper Jian , Christopher D. Manning , Shikhar Murty

This work investigates how a multilingual transformer model represents morphosyntactic properties of questions. We introduce the Question Type and Complexity (QTC) dataset with sentences across seven languages, annotated with type…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Robin Kokot , Wessel Poelman