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Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) show enormous potential for advancing personalized medicine. However, BCIs also introduce new avenues for cyber-attacks or security compromises. In this article, we analyze the problem and make…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Tyler Schroder , Renee Sirbu , Sohee Park , Jessica Morley , Sam Street , Luciano Floridi

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) comprise a rapidly evolving field of technology with the potential of far-reaching impact in domains ranging from medical over industrial to artistic, gaming, and military. Today, these emerging BCI…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Maryna Kapitonova , Philipp Kellmeyer , Simon Vogt , Tonio Ball

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have opened new platforms for human-computer interaction, medical diagnostics, and neurorehabilitation. Wearable BCI systems, which typically employ non-invasive electrodes for portable monitoring, hold…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Haoxian Liu , Hengle Jiang , Lanxuan Hong , Xiaomin Ouyang

A brain-computer interface (BCI) establishes a direct communication pathway between the human brain and a computer. It has been widely used in medical diagnosis, rehabilitation, education, entertainment, etc. Most research so far focuses on…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-12-17 K. Xia , W. Duch , Y. Sun , K. Xu , W. Fang , H. Luo , Y. Zhang , D. Sang , X. Xu , F-Y Wang , D. Wu

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are moving rapidly from laboratory research into clinical, edge, and real-world settings. Under ISO/IEC 8663:2025, a BCI is a direct communication link between central nervous system activity and external…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Lei Sun , Xiuqing Mao , Shuai Zhang , Qingyu Zeng , Min Zhao , Jiyuan Li , Wenle Dong

BCIs have significantly improved the patients' quality of life by restoring damaged hearing, sight, and movement capabilities. After evolving their application scenarios, the current trend of BCI is to enable new innovative brain-to-brain…

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) enable converting the brain electrical activity of an interface user to the user commands. BCI research studies demonstrated encouraging results in different areas such as neurorehabilitation, control of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-07 Alexandra Samsonova , Barry J. Devereux , Georgios Karakonstantis , Lev Mukhanov

Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a powerful communication tool between users and systems, which enhances the capability of the human brain in communicating and interacting with the environment directly. Advances in neuroscience and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-01-31 Xiaotong Gu , Zehong Cao , Alireza Jolfaei , Peng Xu , Dongrui Wu , Tzyy-Ping Jung , Chin-Teng Lin

A brain-computer interface (BCI) enables direct communication between the brain and an external device. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is the preferred input signal in non-invasive BCIs, due to its convenience and low cost. EEG-based BCIs have…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Lubin Meng , Xue Jiang , Tianwang Jia , Dongrui Wu

As the proliferation of technology dramatically infiltrates all aspects of modern life, in many ways the world is becoming so dynamic and complex that technological capabilities are overwhelming human capabilities to optimally interact with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2012-11-06 Brent J. Lance , Scott E. Kerick , Anthony J. Ries , Kelvin S. Oie , Kaleb McDowell

A brain-computer interface (BCI) establishes a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is the most popular input signal in BCIs, due to its convenience and low cost. Most research on…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-12-16 L. Meng , X. Jiang , J. Huang , W. Li , H. Luo , D. Wu

Brain computer interfaces (BCI) provide a direct communication link between the brain and a computer or other external devices. They offer an extended degree of freedom either by strengthening or by substituting human peripheral working…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-08-27 Simanto Saha , Khondaker A. Mamun , Khawza Ahmed , Raqibul Mostafa , Ganesh R. Naik , Ahsan Khandoker , Sam Darvishi , Mathias Baumert

A brain-computer interface (BCI) enables direct communication between the brain and an external device. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a common input signal for BCIs, due to its convenience and low cost. Most research on EEG-based BCIs…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Lubin Meng , Xue Jiang , Xiaoqing Chen , Wenzhong Liu , Hanbin Luo , Dongrui Wu

Martinovic et al. proposed a Brain-Computer-Interface (BCI) -based attack in which an adversary is able to infer private information about a user, such as their bank or area-of-living, by analyzing the user's brain activities. However, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-05-31 Mario Frank , Tiffany Hwu , Sakshi Jain , Robert Knight , Ivan Martinovic , Prateek Mittal , Daniele Perito , Dawn Song

Brain computer interface (BCI) enables the brain to directly control an external device by converting neural signals into actionable outputs. However, effective real-time translation of brain activity strongly depends on the quality of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Houda Hafi , Bouziane Brik , Nuraini Jamil , Abdelkader Nasreddine Belkacem

Over the last half century, the main application of Brain Computer Interfaces, BCIs has been controlling wheelchairs and neural prostheses or generating text or commands for people with restricted mobility. There has been very limited…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Tong Bill Xu , Saleh Kalantari

In recent times, there have been significant advancements in utilizing the sensing capabilities of mobile devices for developing applications. The primary objective has been to enhance the way a user interacts with the application by making…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2015-09-07 Sumit Soman , Siddharth Srivastava , Saurabh Srivastava , Nitendra Rajput

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) make possible to interact with the external environment by decoding the mental intention of individuals. BCIs can therefore be used to address basic neuroscience questions but also to unlock a variety of…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-02-12 Juliana Gonzalez-Astudillo , Tiziana Cattai , Giulia Bassignana , Marie-Constance Corsi , Fabrizio De Vico Fallani

Designs for implanted brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have increased significantly in recent years. Each device promises better clinical outcomes and quality-of-life improvements, yet due to severe and inflexible safety constraints,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Muhammed Ugur , Raghavendra Pradyumna Pothukuchi , Abhishek Bhattacharjee

Objective: An electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) is a direct communication pathway between the human brain and a computer. Most research so far studied more accurate BCIs, but much less attention has been paid…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Xiaoqing Chen , Siyang Li , Yunlu Tu , Ziwei Wang , Dongrui Wu
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