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Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has become effective in tackling discrete cooperative game scenarios. However, MARL has yet to penetrate settings beyond those modelled by team and zero-sum games, confining it to a small subset of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2021-06-16 David Mguni , Yutong Wu , Yali Du , Yaodong Yang , Ziyi Wang , Minne Li , Ying Wen , Joel Jennings , Jun Wang

Model-based algorithms -- algorithms that explore the environment through building and utilizing an estimated model -- are widely used in reinforcement learning practice and theoretically shown to achieve optimal sample efficiency for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Qinghua Liu , Tiancheng Yu , Yu Bai , Chi Jin

Proficient game agents with diverse play styles enrich the gaming experience and enhance the replay value of games. However, recent advancements in game AI based on reinforcement learning have predominantly focused on improving proficiency,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Lingfeng Li , Yunlong Lu , Yongyi Wang , Wenxin Li

Competitive multi-agent reinforcement learning in imperfect-information games requires agents to act under partial observability and against adversarial opponents, necessitating stochastic policies. While self-play reinforcement learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Zhiyuan Fan , Gabriele Farina

Spatial public goods games model collective dilemmas where individual payoffs depend on population-level strategy configurations. Most existing studies rely on evolutionary update rules or value-based reinforcement learning methods. These…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Zhaoqilin Yang , Axin Xiang , Kedi Yang , Tianjun Liu , Youliang Tian

The combination of self-play and planning has achieved great successes in sequential games, for instance in Chess and Go. However, adapting algorithms such as AlphaZero to simultaneous games poses a new challenge. In these games, missing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Yannik Mahlau , Frederik Schubert , Bodo Rosenhahn

We study the problem of game-theoretic robot allocation where two players strategically allocate robots to compete for multiple sites of interest. Robots possess offensive or defensive capabilities to interfere and weaken their opponents to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Zijian An , Lifeng Zhou

Existing language agents often encounter difficulties in dynamic adversarial games due to poor strategic reasoning. To mitigate this limitation, a promising approach is to allow agents to learn from game interactions automatically, without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yikai Zhang , Ye Rong , Siyu Yuan , Jiangjie Chen , Jian Xie , Yanghua Xiao

The policy represented by the deep neural network can overfit the spurious features in observations, which hamper a reinforcement learning agent from learning effective policy. This issue becomes severe in high-dimensional state, where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Md Masudur Rahman , Yexiang Xue

In this paper, we introduce a two-player zero-sum framework between a trainable \emph{Solver} and a \emph{Data Generator} to improve the generalization ability of deep learning-based solvers for Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). Grounded in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-05 Chenguang Wang , Yaodong Yang , Oliver Slumbers , Congying Han , Tiande Guo , Haifeng Zhang , Jun Wang

Several multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms have been proposed to optimize agents decisions. Due to the complexity of the problem, the majority of the previously developed MARL algorithms assumed agents either had some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-01-16 Sherief Abdallah , Victor Lesser

Researchers have demonstrated that neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples and subtle environment changes, both of which one can view as a form of distribution shift. To humans, the resulting errors can look like blunders,…

We present a simple primal-dual algorithm for computing approximate Nash-equilibria in two-person zero-sum sequential games with incomplete information and perfect recall (like Texas Hold'em Poker). Our algorithm is numerically stable,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-12-24 Elvis Dohmatob

We examine the problem of the existence of optimal deterministic stationary strategiesintwo-players antagonistic (zero-sum) perfect information stochastic games with finitely many states and actions.We show that the existenceof such…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-28 Hugo Gimbert , Wieslaw Zielonka

Game theory has grown into a major field over the past few decades, and poker has long served as one of its key case studies. Game-Theory-Optimal (GTO) provides strategies to avoid loss in poker, but pure GTO does not guarantee maximum…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-30 SeungHyun Yi , Seungjun Yi

Urban Network Security Games (UNSGs), which model the strategic allocation of limited security resources on city road networks, are critical for urban safety. However, finding a Nash Equilibrium (NE) in large-scale UNSGs is challenging due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Shuxin Zhuang , Linjian Meng , Shuxin Li , Minming Li , Youzhi Zhang

In this paper we consider two-person zero-sum risk-sensitive stochastic dynamic games with Borel state and action spaces and bounded reward. The term risk-sensitive refers to the fact that instead of the usual risk neutral optimization…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-07-21 Nicole Bäuerle , Ulrich Rieder

In the past decade, motivated by the putative failure of naive self-play deep reinforcement learning (DRL) in adversarial imperfect-information games, researchers have developed numerous DRL algorithms based on fictitious play (FP), double…

Training large language model (LLM) agents for adversarial games is often driven by episodic objectives such as win rate. In long-horizon settings, however, payoffs are shaped by latent strategic externalities that evolve over time, so…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Boyang Xia , Weiyou Tian , Qingnan Ren , Jiaqi Huang , Jie Xiao , Shuo Lu , Kai Wang , Lynn Ai , Eric Yang , Bill Shi

In large-scale games, approximating the opponent's strategy space with a small portfolio of representative strategies is a common and powerful technique. However, the construction of these portfolios often relies on domain-specific…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Karolina Drabent , Ondřej Kubíček , Viliam Lisý
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