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Very low-resource languages, having only a few million tokens worth of data, are not well-supported by multilingual NLP approaches due to poor quality cross-lingual word representations. Recent work showed that good cross-lingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Viktor Hangya , Silvia Severini , Radoslav Ralev , Alexander Fraser , Hinrich Schütze

Neural networks are increasingly used to support decision-making. To verify their reliability and adaptability, researchers and practitioners have proposed a variety of tools and methods for tasks such as NN code verification, refactoring,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Nadia Daoudi , Jordi Cabot

The pull-based development model facilitates global collaboration within open-source software projects. However, whereas it is increasingly common for software to depend on other projects in their ecosystem, most research on the pull…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Willem Meijer , Mirela Riveni , Ayushi Rastogi

The proliferation of open large language models (LLMs) is fostering a vibrant ecosystem of research and innovation in artificial intelligence (AI). However, the methods of collaboration used to develop open LLMs both before and after their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Johan Linåker , Cailean Osborne , Jennifer Ding , Ben Burtenshaw

The NLP community has witnessed steep progress in a variety of tasks across the realms of monolingual and multilingual language processing recently. These successes, in conjunction with the proliferating mixed language interactions on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Sai Muralidhar Jayanthi , Kavya Nerella , Khyathi Raghavi Chandu , Alan W Black

Language models (LM or LLM) are increasingly deployed in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) and its applications, but the question arises as to whether they can be a common resource managed and maintained by a community of users.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Robin Quillivic , Salma Mesmoudi

This paper presents an analysis of open-source large language models (LLMs) and their application in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) tasks, specific for enterprise-specific data sets scraped from their websites. With the increasing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Gautam B , Anupam Purwar

Large language models (LLMs) leverage deep learning architectures to process and predict sequences of words, enabling them to perform a wide range of natural language processing tasks, such as translation, summarization, question answering,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Mohammad Shahedur Rahman , Peng Gao , Yuede Ji

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into software systems, giving rise to a new class of systems referred to as LLMware. Beyond traditional source-code components, LLMware embeds or interacts with LLMs that depend on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Bo Wang , Yueyang Chen , Jieke Shi , Minghui Li , Yunbo Lyu , Yinan Wu , Youfang Lin , Zhou Yang

Third party libraries are used to integrate existing solutions for common problems and help speed up development. The use of third party libraries, however, can carry risks, for example through vulnerabilities in these libraries. Studying…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Kristiina Rahkema , Dietmar Pfahl

Background: Machine Learning (ML) systems rely on data to make predictions, the systems have many added components compared to traditional software systems such as the data processing pipeline, serving pipeline, and model training. Existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Tuan Dung Lai , Anj Simmons , Scott Barnett , Jean-Guy Schneider , Rajesh Vasa

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are pervasive in the current computer science landscape. Yet, there still exists a lack of software engineering experience and best practices in this field. One such best practice,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Bart van Oort , Luís Cruz , Maurício Aniche , Arie van Deursen

According to the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP), Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is a critical security vulnerability. Despite decades of research, XSS remains among the top 10 security vulnerabilities. Researchers have proposed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Dennis Miczek , Divyesh Gabbireddy , Suman Saha

Context: The increasing adoption of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies raises growing concerns about their environmental sustainability. Developing and deploying ML-enabled systems is computationally…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Vincenzo De Martino , Silverio Martínez-Fernández , Fabio Palomba

As part of a research on a novel in-process multiprogramming-language interoperability system, this study investigates the interoperability and usage of multiple programming languages within a large dataset of GitHub projects and Stack…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Tsvi Cherny-Shahar , Amiram Yehudai

Large language models have shown good potential in supporting software development tasks. This is why more and more developers turn to LLMs (e.g. ChatGPT) to support them in fixing their buggy code. While this can save time and effort, many…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Yacine Majdoub , Eya Ben Charrada

Software systems often leverage on open source software libraries to reuse functionalities. Such libraries are readily available through software package managers like npm for JavaScript. Due to the huge amount of packages available in such…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-02-27 Ahmed Zerouali , Tom Mens , Gregorio Robles , Jesus M. Gonzalez-Barahona

Software ecosystems built around programming languages have greatly facilitated software development. At the same time, their security has increasingly been acknowledged as a problem. To this end, the paper examines the previously…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Jukka Ruohonen , Mubashrah Saddiqa

Machine Learning software systems are frequently used in our day-to-day lives. Some of these systems are used in various sensitive environments to make life-changing decisions. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that these AI/ML systems do…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Ajoy Das , Gias Uddin , Shaiful Chowdhury , Mostafijur Rahman Akhond , Hadi Hemmati