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As offensive content has become pervasive in social media, there has been much research in identifying potentially offensive messages. However, previous work on this topic did not consider the problem as a whole, but rather focused on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-17 Marcos Zampieri , Shervin Malmasi , Preslav Nakov , Sara Rosenthal , Noura Farra , Ritesh Kumar

Hate speech has grown significantly on social media, causing serious consequences for victims of all demographics. Despite much attention being paid to characterize and detect discriminatory speech, most work has focused on explicit or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Mai ElSherief , Caleb Ziems , David Muchlinski , Vaishnavi Anupindi , Jordyn Seybolt , Munmun De Choudhury , Diyi Yang

Social media are pervasive in our life, making it necessary to ensure safe online experiences by detecting and removing offensive and hate speech. In this work, we report our submission to the Offensive Language and hate-speech Detection…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-03 AbdelRahim Elmadany , Chiyu Zhang , Muhammad Abdul-Mageed , Azadeh Hashemi

In the current environment, psychological issues are prevalent and widespread, with social media serving as a key outlet for individuals to share their feelings. This results in the generation of vast quantities of data daily, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Wei Zhai , Hongzhi Qi , Qing Zhao , Jianqiang Li , Ziqi Wang , Han Wang , Bing Xiang Yang , Guanghui Fu

The widespread presence of hateful languages on social media has resulted in adverse effects on societal well-being. As a result, addressing this issue with high priority has become very important. Hate speech or offensive languages exist…

This paper investigates the potential benefits of language-specific fact-checking models, focusing on the case of Chinese. We first demonstrate the limitations of translation-based methods and multilingual large language models (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Caiqi Zhang , Zhijiang Guo , Andreas Vlachos

Recent advances in deep learning techniques have enabled machines to generate cohesive open-ended text when prompted with a sequence of words as context. While these models now empower many downstream applications from conversation bots to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-29 Jwala Dhamala , Tony Sun , Varun Kumar , Satyapriya Krishna , Yada Pruksachatkun , Kai-Wei Chang , Rahul Gupta

Offensive language detection is an important task for filtering out abusive expressions and improving online user experiences. However, malicious users often attempt to avoid filtering systems through the involvement of textual noises. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Seunguk Yu , Juhwan Choi , Youngbin Kim

With the rapid development of Large language models (LLMs), understanding the capabilities of LLMs in identifying unsafe content has become increasingly important. While previous works have introduced several benchmarks to evaluate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Hengxiang Zhang , Hongfu Gao , Qiang Hu , Guanhua Chen , Lili Yang , Bingyi Jing , Hongxin Wei , Bing Wang , Haifeng Bai , Lei Yang

The context-dependent nature of online aggression makes annotating large collections of data extremely difficult. Previously studied datasets in abusive language detection have been insufficient in size to efficiently train deep learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-31 Younghun Lee , Seunghyun Yoon , Kyomin Jung

Offensive content is pervasive in social media and a reason for concern to companies and government organizations. Several studies have been recently published investigating methods to detect the various forms of such content (e.g. hate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Tharindu Ranasinghe , Marcos Zampieri

Identifying offensive content in social media is vital for creating safe online communities. Several recent studies have addressed this problem by creating datasets for various languages. In this paper, we explore offensive language…

The growing prevalence and rapid evolution of offensive language in social media amplify the complexities of detection, particularly highlighting the challenges in identifying such content across diverse languages. This survey presents a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Aiqi Jiang , Arkaitz Zubiaga

The proliferation of hate speech and offensive comments on social media has become increasingly prevalent due to user activities. Such comments can have detrimental effects on individuals' psychological well-being and social behavior. While…

The widespread use of text-based communication on social media-through chats, comments, and microblogs-has improved user interaction but has also led to an increase in offensive content, including hate speech, racism, and other forms of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Reem Alothman , Hafida Benhidour , Said Kerrache

The rise of emergence of social media platforms has fundamentally altered how people communicate, and among the results of these developments is an increase in online use of abusive content. Therefore, automatically detecting this content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Khouloud Mnassri , Praboda Rajapaksha , Reza Farahbakhsh , Noel Crespi

The widespread use of social media necessitates reliable and efficient detection of offensive content to mitigate harmful effects. Although sophisticated models perform well on individual datasets, they often fail to generalize due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Huy Nghiem , Hal Daumé

Hate speech detection on Chinese social networks presents distinct challenges, particularly due to the widespread use of cloaking techniques designed to evade conventional text-based detection systems. Although large language models (LLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Qiyao Xue , Yuchen Dou , Ryan Shi , Xiang Lorraine Li , Wei Gao

Social media platforms are deploying machine learning based offensive language classification systems to combat hateful, racist, and other forms of offensive speech at scale. However, despite their real-world deployment, we do not yet…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-23 Jonathan Rusert , Zubair Shafiq , Padmini Srinivasan

Phonetic Cloaking Replacement (PCR), defined as the deliberate use of homophonic or near-homophonic variants to hide toxic intent, has become a major obstacle to Chinese content moderation. While this problem is well-recognized, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Haotan Guo , Jianfei He , Jiayuan Ma , Hongbin Na , Zimu Wang , Haiyang Zhang , Qi Chen , Wei Wang , Zijing Shi , Tao Shen , Ling Chen