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Recent experimental advances have made it possible to implement logical multi-qubit transversal gates on surface codes in a multitude of platforms. A transversal controlled-NOT (tCNOT) gate on two surface codes introduces correlated errors…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-02 Kaavya Sahay , Yingjia Lin , Shilin Huang , Kenneth R. Brown , Shruti Puri

Practical applications of quantum computing depend on fault-tolerant devices that employ error correction. A promising quantum error-correcting code for large-scale quantum computing is the surface code. For this code, Fault-Tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-21 Theodoros Trochatos , Christopher Kang , Andrew Wang , Frederic T. Chong , Jakub Szefer

Due to the high error rate of a qubit, detecting and correcting errors on it is essential for fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). Among several FTQC techniques, lattice surgery (LS) using surface code (SC) is currently promising. To…

Quantum computers have the potential to change the way we solve computational problems. Due to the noisy nature of qubits, the need arises to correct physical errors occurring during computation. The surface code is a promising candidate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-06 Gyorgy P. Geher , Ophelia Crawford , Earl T. Campbell

Quantum error correction (QEC) and fault-tolerant (FT) mechanisms are essential for reliable quantum computing. However, QEC considerably increases the computation size up to four orders of magnitude. Moreover, FT implementation has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-20 L. Lao , B. van Wee , I. Ashraf , J. van Someren , N. Khammassi , K. Bertels , C. G. Almudever

The construction of topological error correction codes requires the ability to fabricate a lattice of physical qubits embedded on a manifold with a non-trivial topology such that the quantum information is encoded in the global degrees of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-18 James M. Auger , Hussain Anwar , Mercedes Gimeno-Segovia , Thomas M. Stace , Dan E. Browne

Resource consumption of the conventional surface code is expensive, in part due to the need to separate the defects that create the logical qubit far apart on the physical qubit lattice. We propose that instantiating the deformation-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-25 Shota Nagayama , Takahiko Satoh , Rodney Van Meter

Whether it is at the fabrication stage or during the course of the quantum computation, e.g. because of high-energy events like cosmic rays, the qubits constituting an error correcting code may be rendered inoperable. Such defects may…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-26 Adam Siegel , Armands Strikis , Thomas Flatters , Simon Benjamin

Given a quantum gate circuit, how does one execute it in a fault-tolerant architecture with as little overhead as possible? In this paper, we discuss strategies for surface-code quantum computing on small, intermediate and large scales.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-07 Daniel Litinski

Quantum code surgery is a promising technique to perform fault-tolerant computation on quantum low-density parity-check codes. Recent developments have significantly reduced the space overhead of surgery. However, generic surgery operations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-17 Alexander Cowtan , Zhiyang He , Dominic J. Williamson , Theodore J. Yoder

Topological error correction codes are promising candidates to protect quantum computations from the deteriorating effects of noise. While some codes provide high noise thresholds suitable for robust quantum memories, others allow…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-07 Hendrik Poulsen Nautrup , Nicolai Friis , Hans J. Briegel

Surface quantum error-correcting codes are the leading proposal for fault-tolerance within quantum computers. We present OpenSurgery, a scalable tool for the preparation of circuits protected by the surface code operated through lattice…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-27 Alexandru Paler , Austin G. Fowler

Fault-tolerant quantum computation demands significant resources: large numbers of physical qubits must be checked for errors repeatedly to protect quantum data as logic gates are implemented in the presence of noise. We demonstrate that an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-23 Felix Thomsen , Markus S. Kesselring , Stephen D. Bartlett , Benjamin J. Brown

Fault-tolerant quantum computers, with error correction implemented using topological codes, will most likely require lattice surgery protocols in order to implement a universal gate set. Timelike failures during lattice surgery protocols…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-31 Prithviraj Prabhu , Christopher Chamberland

Active quantum error correction has been identified as a crucial ingredient of future quantum computers, motivating the recent experimental efforts to encode logical quantum bits using small topological codes. In addition to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-06 M. Gutiérrez , M. Müller , A. Bermudez

Quantum error correction is necessary for large-scale quantum computing. A promising quantum error correcting code is the surface code. For this code, fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) can be performed via lattice surgery, i.e.,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-04 Daniel Bochen Tan , Murphy Yuezhen Niu , Craig Gidney

Lattice surgery with two-dimensional quantum error correcting codes is among the leading schemes for fault-tolerant quantum computation, motivated by superconducting hardware architectures. In conventional lattice surgery compilation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-05 Laura S. Herzog , Lucas Berent , Aleksander Kubica , Robert Wille

Quantum error correction (QEC) is considered a deciding component in enabling practical quantum computing. Stabilizer codes, and in particular topological surface codes, are promising candidates for implementing QEC by redundantly encoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Josias Old , Stephan Tasler , Michael J. Hartmann , Markus Müller

In universal fault-tolerant quantum computing, implementing logical non-Clifford gates often demands substantial spacetime resources for many error-correcting codes, including the high-threshold surface code. A critical mission for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-07 Sheng-Jie Huang , Alison Warman , Sakura Schafer-Nameki , Yanzhu Chen

We describe a space-time optimized circuit for the table lookup subroutine from lattice-surgery surface code primitives respecting 2D grid connectivity. Table lookup circuits are ubiquitous in quantum computing, allowing the presented…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-27 Thomas Häner , Vadym Kliuchnikov , Martin Roetteler , Mathias Soeken