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The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (CVRPTW) is a classic NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem widely applied in logistics distribution and transportation management. Its complexity stems from the constraints of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Linjiang Cao , Maonan Wang , Xi Xiong

Despite enjoying desirable efficiency and reduced reliance on domain expertise, existing neural methods for vehicle routing problems (VRPs) suffer from severe robustness issues -- their performance significantly deteriorates on clean…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Jianan Zhou , Yaoxin Wu , Zhiguang Cao , Wen Song , Jie Zhang , Zhiqi Shen

This paper addresses the problem of qubit routing in first-generation and other near-term quantum computers. In particular, it is asserted that the qubit routing problem can be formulated as a reinforcement learning (RL) problem, and that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-29 Steven Herbert , Akash Sengupta

Curriculum reinforcement learning (CRL) allows solving complex tasks by generating a tailored sequence of learning tasks, starting from easy ones and subsequently increasing their difficulty. Although the potential of curricula in RL has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Pascal Klink , Carlo D'Eramo , Jan Peters , Joni Pajarinen

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is an example of a combinatorial optimization problem that has attracted academic attention due to its potential use in various contexts. VRP aims to arrange vehicle deliveries to several sites in the most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-08 Nishikanta Mohanty , Bikash K. Behera , Christopher Ferrie

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has achieved tremendous development in recent years, but still faces significant obstacles in addressing complex real-life problems due to the issues of poor system generalization, low sample efficiency as well…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Chao Yu , Shicheng Ye , Hankz Hankui Zhuo

In this paper, we address the problem of Column Generation (CG) using Reinforcement Learning (RL). Specifically, we use a RL model based on the attention-mechanism architecture to find the columns with most negative reduced cost in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Abdo Abouelrous , Laurens Bliek , Adriana F. Gabor , Yaoxin Wu , Yingqian Zhang

This paper introduces a new set of large-scale benchmark instances for the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). The proposed XL set extends existing benchmarks by covering instances with 1,000 to 10,000 customers and a wide range of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-19 Eduardo Queiroga , Rafael Martinelli , Anand Subramanian , Eduardo Uchoa , Thibaut Vidal

We present a novel framework that combines machine learning with mixed-integer optimization to solve the Capacitated Location-Routing Problem (CLRP). The CLRP is a classical NP-hard problem that integrates strategic facility location with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-24 Waquar Kaleem , Doyoung Lee , Changhyun Kwon , Anirudh Subramanyam

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has been shown to be effective in producing approximate solutions to some vehicle routing problems (VRPs), especially when using policies generated by encoder-decoder attention mechanisms. While these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Joshua Levin , Randall Correll , Takanori Ide , Takafumi Suzuki , Takaho Saito , Alan Arai

The vehicle routing problem is a well known class of NP-hard combinatorial optimisation problems in literature. Traditional solution methods involve either carefully designed heuristics, or time-consuming metaheuristics. Recent work in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-15 Harshad Khadilkar

Applications of reinforcement learning (RL) are popular in autonomous driving tasks. That being said, tuning the performance of an RL agent and guaranteeing the generalization performance across variety of different driving scenarios is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Anil Ozturk , Mustafa Burak Gunel , Resul Dagdanov , Mirac Ekim Vural , Ferhat Yurdakul , Melih Dal , Nazim Kemal Ure

In this work, we address the problem of determining reliable policies in reinforcement learning (RL), with a focus on optimization under uncertainty and the need for performance guarantees. While classical RL algorithms aim at maximizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Nadir Farhi

Compared with model-based control and optimization methods, reinforcement learning (RL) provides a data-driven, learning-based framework to formulate and solve sequential decision-making problems. The RL framework has become promising due…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-29 Pouria Razzaghi , Amin Tabrizian , Wei Guo , Shulu Chen , Abenezer Taye , Ellis Thompson , Alexis Bregeon , Ali Baheri , Peng Wei

The electric vehicle routing problem with time windows (EVRPTW) is a complex optimization problem in sustainable logistics, where routing decisions must minimize total travel distance, fleet size, and battery usage while satisfying strict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Mertcan Daysalilar , Fuat Uyguroglu , Gabriel Nicolosi , Adam Meyers

Recent studies in using deep learning to solve routing problems focus on construction heuristics, the solutions of which are still far from optimality. Improvement heuristics have great potential to narrow this gap by iteratively refining a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Yaoxin Wu , Wen Song , Zhiguang Cao , Jie Zhang , Andrew Lim

There has never been a more exciting time for the future of quantum computing than now. Near-term quantum computing usage is now the next XPRIZE. With that challenge in mind we have explored a new approach as a hybrid quantum-classical…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-04-23 James Holliday , Braeden Morgan , Hugh Churchill , Khoa Luu

Since the 1990s, considerable empirical work has been carried out to train statistical models, such as neural networks (NNs), as learned heuristics for combinatorial optimization (CO) problems. When successful, such an approach eliminates…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-21 Orit Davidovich , Shimrit Shtern , Segev Wasserkrug , Nimrod Megiddo

Reinforcement learning (RL) is an innovative approach to financial decision making, offering specialized solutions to complex investment problems where traditional methods fail. This review analyzes 167 articles from 2017--2025, focusing on…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2025-12-12 Mohammad Rezoanul Hoque , Md Meftahul Ferdaus , M. Kabir Hassan

Vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a typical discrete combinatorial optimization problem, and many models and algorithms have been proposed to solve the VRP and its variants. Although existing approaches have contributed a lot to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Bingjie Li , Guohua Wu , Yongming He , Mingfeng Fan , Witold Pedrycz