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The increasing integration of intermittent distributed energy resources (DERs) has introduced significant variability in distribution networks, posing challenges to voltage regulation and reactive power management. This paper presents a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-16 Zhentong Shao , Jingtao Qin , Nanpeng Yu

With the continuous increase of photovoltaic (PV) penetration, the voltage control interactions between newly installed PV inverters and previously deployed on-load tap-changer (OLTC) transformers become ever more significant. To achieve…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-05 Licheng Wang , Tao Wang , Gang Huang , Ruifeng Yan , Kai Wang , Youbing Zhang , Shijie Cheng

This paper proposes an asychronous distributed leader-follower control method to achieve conservation voltage reduction (CVR) in three-phase unbalanced distribution systems by optimally scheduling smart inverters of distributed energy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-11 Qianzhi Zhang , Yifei Guo , Zhaoyu Wang , Fankun Bu

This paper develops a model-free volt-VAR optimization (VVO) algorithm via multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) in unbalanced distribution systems. This method is novel since we cast the VVO problem in unbalanced distribution…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-21 Ying Zhang , Xinan Wang , Jianhui Wang , Yingchen Zhang

We show how distributed control of reactive power can serve to regulate voltage and minimize resistive losses in a distribution circuit that includes a significant level of photovoltaic (PV) generation. To demonstrate the technique, we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-11-18 Konstantin Turitsyn , Petr Sulc , Scott Backhaus , Michael Chertkov

The IEEE 1547 Standard for the interconnection of distributed energy resources (DERs) to distribution grids provisions that smart inverters could be implementing Volt/VAR control rules among other options. Such rules enable DERs to respond…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-24 Ilgiz Murzakhanov , Sarthak Gupta , Spyros Chatzivasileiadis , Vassilis Kekatos

This paper proposes a reactive power planning tool for sub-transmission systems to mitigate voltage violations and fluctuations caused by high photovoltaic (PV) penetration and intermittency with a minimum investment cost. The tool…

Integration of distributed energy resources has created a need for autonomous, dynamic voltage regulation. Decentralized Volt-VAr Control (VVC) of grid-connected inverters presents a unique opportunity for voltage management but, if…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-17 Daniel Russell , Dakota Hamilton , Mads R. Almassalkhi , Hamid R. Ossareh

In an active power distribution system, Volt-VAR optimization (VVO) methods are employed to achieve network-level objectives such as minimization of network power losses. The commonly used model-based centralized and distributed VVO…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-12 Hongda Ren , Rahul Ranjan Jha , Anamika Dubey , Noel N. Schulz

Modern distribution grids are currently being challenged by frequent and sizable voltage fluctuations, due mainly to the increasing deployment of electric vehicles and renewable generators. Existing approaches to maintaining bus voltage…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-12-05 Qiuling Yang , Gang Wang , Alireza Sadeghi , Georgios B. Giannakis , Jian Sun

Modern low-voltage (LV) distribution grids face rising shares of photovoltaic generation and high-power loads such as heat pumps and electric vehicle charging stations. Due to high simultaneity, voltage constraints often become binding…

Increasing adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) presents new challenges to modern power grid due to its variable and intermittent nature. Fluctuating outputs from PV generation can cause the grid violating voltage operation limits. PV smart…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-10-15 Changfu Li , Chenrui Jin , Ratnesh Sharma

Battery's role in the development of smart grid is gaining greater attention as an energy storage device that can be integrated with a Photovoltaic (PV) cell in the distribution circuit. As more PVs are connected to the system, real power…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2013-11-26 Hen-Geul Yeh , Son H. Doan

Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) and network topology reconfiguration (NTR) are widely employed to improve distribution system performance; however, existing approaches largely treat them independently, overlooking their coupled impact…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-12 Rida Fatima , Hassan Zahid Butt , Xingpeng Li

Multilevel inverters are used to improve powerquality and reduce component stresses. This paper describesand compares two multilevel cascaded three phase inverterimplementations with two different modulation techniques: PhaseShifted Pulse…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-28 John Buczek , Viktor Ivankevych

The increasing penetration of photovoltaic (PV) generation in low-voltage distribution networks presents operational challenges, with overvoltages being among the most critical. This study introduces a tool based on Unbalanced Optimal Power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-10 Andrea Espinosa del Pozo , Araceli Hernandez , Luis Badesa

Autonomous droop control PV inverters have improved voltage regulation compared to the inverters without grid support functions, but more flexible control techniques will be required as the number of solar photovoltaic (PV) installations…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-24 Peter Lusis , Lachlan L. H. Andrew , Ariel Liebman , Guido Tack

This work presents a framework for dynamic performance assessment of the higher layers in the hierarchical voltage regulation scheme, with case studies applied to specific areas of the Norwegian grid. Unlike the primary (PVR) level, the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-17 Hugo Rodrigues de Brito , Daniel Simon Baltensperger , Kjetil Obstfelder Uhlen

Active distribution networks (ADNs) incorporating massive photovoltaic (PV) devices encounter challenges of rapid voltage fluctuations and potential violations. Due to the fluctuation and intermittency of PV generation, the state gap,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-28 Hong Cheng , Huan Luo , Zhi Liu , Wei Sun , Weitao Li , Qiyue Li

As photovoltaic (PV) penetration continues to rise and smart inverter functionality continues to expand, smart inverters and other distributed energy resources (DERs) will play increasingly important roles in distribution system power…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-10-28 Zachary R. Atkins , Christopher J. Vogl , Achintya Madduri , Nan Duan , Agnieszka K. Miedlar , Daniel Merl