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Symbolic regression is a machine learning technique that can learn the governing formulas of data and thus has the potential to transform scientific discovery. However, symbolic regression is still limited in the complexity and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Michael Zhang , Samuel Kim , Peter Y. Lu , Marin Soljačić

Symbolic regression is emerging as a promising machine learning method for learning succinct underlying interpretable mathematical expressions directly from data. Whereas it has been traditionally tackled with genetic programming, it has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Nour Makke , Sanjay Chawla

Symbolic equations are at the core of scientific discovery. The task of discovering the underlying equation from a set of input-output pairs is called symbolic regression. Traditionally, symbolic regression methods use hand-designed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-14 Luca Biggio , Tommaso Bendinelli , Alexander Neitz , Aurelien Lucchi , Giambattista Parascandolo

Symbolic regression is a task aimed at identifying patterns in data and representing them through mathematical expressions, generally involving skeleton prediction and constant optimization. Many methods have achieved some success, however…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Yusong Deng , Min Wu , Lina Yu , Jingyi Liu , Shu Wei , Yanjie Li , Weijun Li

Symbolic regression is a powerful technique that can discover analytical equations that describe data, which can lead to explainable models and generalizability outside of the training data set. In contrast, neural networks have achieved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-10 Samuel Kim , Peter Y. Lu , Srijon Mukherjee , Michael Gilbert , Li Jing , Vladimir Čeperić , Marin Soljačić

Identifying governing equations for a dynamical system is a topic of critical interest across an array of disciplines, from mathematics to engineering to biology. Machine learning -- specifically deep learning -- techniques have shown their…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2026-05-07 Nibodh Boddupalli , Timothy Matchen , Jeff Moehlis

Discovering the underlying mathematical expressions describing a dataset is a core challenge for artificial intelligence. This is the problem of $\textit{symbolic regression}$. Despite recent advances in training neural networks to solve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Brenden K. Petersen , Mikel Landajuela , T. Nathan Mundhenk , Claudio P. Santiago , Soo K. Kim , Joanne T. Kim

Symbolic regression, the task of predicting the mathematical expression of a function from the observation of its values, is a difficult task which usually involves a two-step procedure: predicting the "skeleton" of the expression up to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Pierre-Alexandre Kamienny , Stéphane d'Ascoli , Guillaume Lample , François Charton

We introduce Boolformer, a Transformer-based model trained to perform end-to-end symbolic regression of Boolean functions. First, we show that it can predict compact formulas for complex functions not seen during training, given their full…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Stéphane d'Ascoli , Arthur Renard , Vassilis Papadopoulos , Samy Bengio , Josh Susskind , Emmanuel Abbé

A core challenge for both physics and artificial intellicence (AI) is symbolic regression: finding a symbolic expression that matches data from an unknown function. Although this problem is likely to be NP-hard in principle, functions of…

Computational Physics · Physics 2020-04-16 Silviu-Marian Udrescu , Max Tegmark

We introduce an Invertible Symbolic Regression (ISR) method. It is a machine learning technique that generates analytical relationships between inputs and outputs of a given dataset via invertible maps (or architectures). The proposed ISR…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Tony Tohme , Mohammad Javad Khojasteh , Mohsen Sadr , Florian Meyer , Kamal Youcef-Toumi

Symbolic regression discovers explicit, interpretable equations without assuming a functional form in advance. A Bayesian approach strengthens this through probability distributions over candidate expressions, thus quantifying uncertainty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 James Butterworth , Gevik Grigorian , Alejandro DiazDelaO

In science, we are interested not only in forecasting but also in understanding how predictions are made, specifically what the interpretable underlying model looks like. Data-driven machine learning technology can significantly streamline…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Weiting Liu , Jiaxu Cui , Jiao Hu , En Wang , Bo Yang

Symbolic regression is the task of identifying a mathematical expression that best fits a provided dataset of input and output values. Due to the richness of the space of mathematical expressions, symbolic regression is generally a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-29 Mojtaba Valipour , Bowen You , Maysum Panju , Ali Ghodsi

In a regression task, a function is learned from labeled data to predict the labels at new data points. The goal is to achieve small prediction errors. In symbolic regression, the goal is more ambitious, namely, to learn an interpretable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Paul Kahlmeyer , Joachim Giesen , Michael Habeck , Henrik Voigt

Many real-world problems can be naturally described by mathematical formulas. The task of finding formulas from a set of observed inputs and outputs is called symbolic regression. Recently, neural networks have been applied to symbolic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-24 Martin Vastl , Jonáš Kulhánek , Jiří Kubalík , Erik Derner , Robert Babuška

Symbolic regression is a machine learning method with the goal to produce interpretable results. Unlike other machine learning methods such as, e.g. random forests or neural networks, which are opaque, symbolic regression aims to model and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Yousef A. Radwan , Gabriel Kronberger , Stephan Winkler

We introduce MIO, a transformer-based model for inferring symbolic ordinary differential equations (ODEs) from multiple observed trajectories of a dynamical system. By combining multiple instance learning with transformer-based symbolic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Yakup Emre Şahin , Niki Kilbertus , Sören Becker

Symbolic Regression (SR) is a type of regression analysis to automatically find the mathematical expression that best fits the data. Currently, SR still basically relies on various searching strategies so that a sample-specific model is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Jiachen Li , Ye Yuan , Hong-Bin Shen

Symbolic regression (SR) aims to discover concise closed-form mathematical equations from data, a task fundamental to scientific discovery. However, the problem is highly challenging because closed-form equations lie in a complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Samuel Holt , Zhaozhi Qian , Mihaela van der Schaar
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