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We give a simplified approach to Kunzinger & Saemann's theory of Lorentzian length spaces in the globally hyperbolic case; these provide a nonsmooth framework for general relativity. We close a gap in the regularly localizable setting, by…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-09-26 Robert J. McCann

The positive energy theorems are a fundamental pillar in mathematical general relativity. Originally proved by Schoen-Yau and later Witten, these theorems were established for asymptotically flat manifolds where the metric tends to the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-11 Rodrigo Avalos , Eric Ling , Annachiara Piubello

In a recent article, C. Bardos et. al. constructed weak solutions of the three-dimensional incompressible Euler equations which emerge from two-dimensional initial data yet become fully three-dimensional at positive times. They asked…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2013-10-23 Emil Wiedemann

We show that the Euclidean 3-space $\mathbb{R}^3$ is stable for the Positive Mass Theorem in the following sense. Let $(M_i,g_i)$ be a sequence of complete asymptotically flat $3$-manifolds with nonnegative scalar curvature and suppose that…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2024-12-05 Conghan Dong , Antoine Song

We extend the validity of Brill's axisymmetric positive energy theorem to all asymptotically flat initial data sets with positive scalar curvature on simply connected manifolds.

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Piotr T. Chrusciel

We summarize results on the Penrose inequality bounding the ADM-mass or the Bondi mass in terms of the area of an outermost apparent horizon for asymptotically flat initial data of Einstein's equations. We first recall the proof, due to…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Edward Malec , Marc Mars , Walter Simon

In this paper, we prove the spacetime positive mass theorem for asymptotically flat spin initial data sets with arbitrary ends and a non-compact boundary. Moreover, we demonstrate a quantitative shielding theorem, subject to the tilted…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-11-28 Daoqiang Liu

We present a proof of the positivity of the Bondi energy in Einstein-Maxwell axion-dilaton gravity, being the low-energy limit of the heterotic string theory. We consider the spacelike hypersurface which asymptotically approaches a null…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-09-06 Marek Rogatko

In this paper we revisit Brill's proof of positive mass for three-dimensional, time-symmetric, axisymmetric initial data and generalise his argument in various directions. In 3+1 dimensions, we include an apparent horizon in the initial…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-07 G. W. Gibbons , G. Holzegel

We establish versions of the Positive Mass and Penrose inequalities for a class of asymptotically hyperbolic hypersurfaces. In particular, under the usual dominant energy condition, we prove in all dimensions $n\geq 3$ an optimal Penrose…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2012-01-25 Levi Lopes de Lima , Frederico Girão

The positive mass theorem is one of the fundamental results in general relativity. It states that, assuming the dominant energy condition, the total mass of an asymptotically flat spacetime is non-negative. The Penrose inequality provides a…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2018-10-25 Po-Ning Chen

We prove the rigidity of positive mass theorem for asymptotically hyperbolic manifolds. Namely, if the mass equality holds, then the manifold is isometric to hyperbolic space. The result was previously proven for spin manifolds or under…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2019-11-27 Lan-Hsuan Huang , Hyun Chul Jang , Daniel Martin

We consider the 2-d isentropic compressible Euler equations. It was shown in by E. Chiodaroli, C. De Lellis and O. Kreml that there exist Riemann initial data as well as Lipschitz initial data for which there exist infinitely many weak…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2019-01-21 Simon Markfelder , Christian Klingenberg

Our work proves rigidity theorems for initial data sets associated with compact smooth spin manifolds with boundary and with compact convex polytopes, subject to the dominant energy condition. For manifolds with smooth boundary, this is…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2025-11-11 Christian Baer , Simon Brendle , Tsz-Kiu Aaron Chow , Bernhard Hanke

We introduce a natural generalization of marginally outer trapped surfaces, called immersed marginally outer trapped surfaces, and prove that three dimensional asymptotically flat initial data sets either contain such surfaces or are…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-06-18 Michael Eichmair , Gregory J. Galloway , Daniel Pollack

We consider 3D and 4D asymptotically flat spacetimes near future null infinity endowed with the most general allowed Carroll geometry. We define a boundary energy-momentum tensor by varying the on-shell action with respect to the Carroll…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2025-06-06 Jelle Hartong , Emil Have , Vijay Nenmeli , Gerben Oling

In this short paper, we review recent progress on the positive mass theorem for spacelike hypersurfaces which approach to null infinity in asymptotically flat spacetimes. We use it to prove, if the functions $c(u, \theta, \psi)$, $d(u,…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Xiao Zhang

We use the notion of intrinsic flat distance to address the almost rigidity of the positive mass theorem for asymptotically hyperbolic manifolds. In particular, we prove that a sequence of spherically symmetric asymptotically hyperbolic…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2018-05-14 A Sakovich , C Sormani

We show how to reduce the general formulation of the mass-angular momentum inequality, for axisymmetric initial data of the Einstein equations, to the known maximal case whenever a geometrically motivated system of equations admits a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-02-17 Ye Sle Cha , Marcus A. Khuri

The rigidity of the Positive Mass Theorem states that the only complete asymptotically flat manifold of nonnegative scalar curvature and zero mass is Euclidean space. We study the stability of this statement for spaces that can be realized…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2015-05-26 Lan-Hsuan Huang , Dan A. Lee , Christina Sormani