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Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks, characterized by their high data throughput and low latency, have gained significant interest from both industry and academia. Routing data efficiently within these networks is essential for…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Yi Ching Chou , Long Chen , Hengzhi Wang , Feng Wang , Hao Fang , Haoyuan Zhao , Miao Zhang , Xiaoyi Fan , Jiangchuan Liu

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks (SatNets) are envisioned to play a crucial role in providing global and ubiquitous connectivity efficiently. Accordingly, in the coming years, thousands of LEO satellites will be launched to create…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-06-21 Mohammed Y. Abdelsadek , Halim Yanikomeroglu , Gunes Karabulut Kurt

With the rapid development of sixth-generation (6G) communication technology, global communication networks are moving towards the goal of comprehensive and seamless coverage. In particular, low earth orbit (LEO) satellites have become a…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-08 Wenjun Lan , Kongyang Chen , Jiannong Cao , Yikai Li , Ning Li , Qi Chen , Yuvraj Sahni

This study discusses the current state of FSO technology, as well as global trends and developments in the industrial ecosystem to identify obstacles to the full realization of optical space-to-ground communication networks. Additionally,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-01 Eugene Rotherham , Connor Casey , Eva Fernandez Rodriguez , Karen Wendy Vidaurre Torrez , Maren Mashor , Isaac Pike

This document surveys recent and current developments in LEO satellite networking. It presents a brief overview of satellite networking in order to contextualize the issue. It then focuses on current research work in emerging domains, such…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Cedric Westphal , Lin Han , Richard Li

Low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite communication systems that use millimeter-wave frequencies rely on large antenna arrays with hybrid analog-digital architectures for rapid beam steering. LEO satellites are only visible from the ground for…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-03 Anders Malthe Westerkam , Amélia Struyf , Dimitri Lederer , Troels Pedersen , François Quitin

Global communications have undergone a paradigm shift with the rapid expansion of low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations, offering a new space era of reduced latency and ubiquitous, high-speed broadband internet access. However, the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-22 Flor Ortiz , Eva Lagunas , Almoatssimbillah Saifaldawla , Mahdis Jalali , Luis Emiliani , Symeon Chatzinotas

In this paper, we investigate the performance of large-scale heterogeneous low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite networks in the context of three association schemes. In contrast to existing studies, where single-tier LEO satellite-based network…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Yuan Guo , Christodoulos Skouroumounis , Symeon Chatzinotas , Ioannis Krikidis

As the number of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites rapidly increases, the consideration of frequency sharing or cooperation between geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) and LEO satellites is gaining attention. In this paper, we consider a hybrid…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Dong-Hyun Jung , Hongjae Nam , Junil Choi , David J. Love

The growing density of satellites in low-Earth orbit (LEO) presents serious challenges to space sustainability, primarily due to the increased risk of in-orbit collisions. Traditional ground-based tracking systems are constrained by latency…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-04 Peng Hu , Wenxuan Zhang

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite networks are quickly gaining traction with promises of impressively low latency, high bandwidth, and global reach. However, the research community knows relatively little about their operation and performance…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Liz Izhikevich , Manda Tran , Katherine Izhikevich , Gautam Akiwate , Zakir Durumeric

This paper investigates satellite navigation and communication systems in both low-Earth-orbit (LEO) and medium-Earth-orbit (MEO) satellites, which systematically outlines the fundamental principles of satellite navigation systems (SNS),…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-26 Tianwei Hou , Da Guan , Yu Zhang , Anna Li , Arumugam Nallanathan

Interest in the use of the low earth orbit (LEO) in space - from $160 \text{ km}$ to $2000 \text{ km}$ - has skyrocketed; this is evident by the fact that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has partnered with various…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-11 Don-Roberts Emenonye , Harpreet S. Dhillon , R. Michael Buehrer

The next sixth generation (6G) networks are envisioned to integrate sensing and communications in a single system, thus greatly improving spectrum utilization and reducing hardware costs. Low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communications…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-09 Li You , Yongxiang Zhu , Xiaoyu Qiang , Christos G. Tsinos , Wenjin Wang , Xiqi Gao , Björn Ottersten

With the advent of large LEO satellite communication networks to provide global broadband Internet access, interest in providing edge computing resources within LEO networks has emerged. The LEO Edge promises low-latency, high-bandwidth…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-02-28 Tobias Pfandzelter , David Bermbach

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) and ubiquitous connectivity are two usage scenarios of sixth generation (6G) networks. In this context, low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations, as an important component of 6G networks, is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Qi Wang , Xiaoming Chen , Qiao Qi , Mili Li , Wolfgang Gerstacker

Modern satellites deployed in low Earth orbit (LEO) accommodate processing payloads that can be exploited for edge computing. Furthermore, by implementing inter-satellite links, the LEO satellites in a constellation can route the data…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-23 Marc Martinez-Gost , Israel Leyva-Mayorga , Ana Pérez-Neira , Miguel Ángel Vázquez , Beatriz Soret , Marco Moretti

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Earth Observation (EO) satellites have changed the way we monitor Earth. Acting like moving cameras, EO satellites are formed in constellations with different missions and priorities, and capture vast data that needs…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Xiaojian Wang , Ruozhou Yu , Dejun Yang , Guoliang Xue

We propose an architecture with accompanying protocol for on-board satellite data infrastructure designed for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellations offering communication services, such as direct-to-cell connectivity. Our design leverages…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Thomas Sandholm , Sayandev Mukherjee , Bernardo A Huberman

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are emerging as a key enabler of next-generation communications, offering global coverage and significantly lower latency compared to traditional terrestrial networks and geostationary…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Mohammad Taghi Dabiri , Mazen Hasna , Saud Althunibat , Khalid Qaraqe
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