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Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a highly useful topic within an introductory Linear Algebra course, especially since it can be used to incorporate a number of applied projects. This method represents an essential application and…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2016-04-19 Stephen Pankavich , Rebecca Swanson

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a fundamental tool for analyzing multivariate data. Here the focus is on dimension reduction to the principal subspace, characterized by its projection matrix. The classical principal subspace can be…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-29 Fabio Centofanti , Mia Hubert , Peter J. Rousseeuw

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a classical feature extraction method, but it may be adversely affected by outliers, resulting in inaccurate learning of the projection matrix. This paper proposes a robust method to estimate both the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Yingzhuo Deng , Ke Hu , Bo Li , Yao Zhang

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a widely used dimension reduction tool in the analysis of many kind of high-dimensional data. It is used in signal processing, mechanical engineering, psychometrics, and other fields under different…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-01-15 Ngoc Mai Tran , Maria Osipenko , Wolfgang Karl Haerdle

Personalized treatment of patients based on tissue-specific cancer subtypes has strongly increased the efficacy of the chosen therapies. Even though the amount of data measured for cancer patients has increased over the last years, most…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-09-18 Nora K. Speicher , Nico Pfeifer

Principal components analysis (PCA) is a classical method for the reduction of dimensionality of data in the form of n observations (or cases) of a vector with p variables. For a simple model of factor analysis type, it is proved that…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2009-01-29 Iain M Johnstone , Arthur Yu Lu

Kernel principal component analysis (KPCA) is a well-recognized nonlinear dimensionality reduction method that has been widely used in nonlinear fault detection tasks. As a kernel trick-based method, KPCA inherits two major problems. First,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Zelin Ren , Xuebing Yang , Yuchen Jiang , Wensheng Zhang

Principal component analysis (PCA) has well-documented merits for data extraction and dimensionality reduction. PCA deals with a single dataset at a time, and it is challenged when it comes to analyzing multiple datasets. Yet in certain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-10-27 Gang Wang , Jia Chen , Georgios B. Giannakis

We study attention mechanisms through the lens of a canonical unsupervised problem: principal component analysis (PCA). We show that, when trained on Gaussian data, both softmax and linear attention layers learn parameters that align with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-19 Rodrigo Maulen-Soto , Claire Boyer

We extend the principal component analysis (PCA) to second-order stationary vector time series in the sense that we seek for a contemporaneous linear transformation for a $p$-variate time series such that the transformed series is segmented…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-12-21 Jinyuan Chang , Bin Guo , Qiwei Yao

We study the distributed computing setting in which there are multiple servers, each holding a set of points, who wish to compute functions on the union of their point sets. A key task in this setting is Principal Component Analysis (PCA),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-12-24 Maria-Florina Balcan , Vandana Kanchanapally , Yingyu Liang , David Woodruff

Tensor robust principal component analysis (RPCA), which seeks to separate a low-rank tensor from its sparse corruptions, has been crucial in data science and machine learning where tensor structures are becoming more prevalent. While…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-12-23 Harry Dong , Megna Shah , Sean Donegan , Yuejie Chi

Traditional principal component analysis (PCA) is well known in high-dimensional data analysis, but it requires to express data by a matrix with observations to be continuous. To overcome the limitations, a new method called flexible PCA…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-17 Tonglin Zhang , Baijian Yang , Qianqian Song , Jing Su

Cyber security threats have been growing significantly in both volume and sophistication over the past decade. This poses great challenges to malware detection without considerable automation. In this paper, we have proposed a novel…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-02-12 Jason Zhang

As a widely used method in machine learning, principal component analysis (PCA) shows excellent properties for dimensionality reduction. It is a serious problem that PCA is sensitive to outliers, which has been improved by numerous Robust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Shenglan Liu , Yang Yu

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a commonly used tool for dimension reduction in analyzing high dimensional data; Multilinear Principal Component Analysis (MPCA) has the potential to serve the similar function for analyzing tensor…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2011-04-29 Hung Hung , Pei-Shien Wu , I-Ping Tu , Su-Yun Huang

Many machine learning systems are vulnerable to small perturbations made to inputs either at test time or at training time. This has received much recent interest on the empirical front due to applications where reliability and security are…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Pranjal Awasthi , Vaggos Chatziafratis , Xue Chen , Aravindan Vijayaraghavan

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a standard dimensionality reduction technique used in various research and applied fields. From an algorithmic point of view, classical PCA can be formulated in terms of operations on a multivariate…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-11-08 Ayisha Fayomi , Yannis Pantazis , Michail Tsagris , Andrew T. A. Wood

Principal component analysis (PCA) is an important tool in exploring data. The conventional approach to PCA leads to a solution which favours the structures with large variances. This is sensitive to outliers and could obfuscate interesting…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-06-16 A. A. Akinduko , A. N. Gorban

Motivation: Although principal component analysis (PCA) is widely used for the dimensional reduction of biomedical data, interpretation of PCA results remains daunting. Most existing methods attempt to explain each principal component (PC)…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2015-08-24 H. Robert Frost , Zhigang Li , Jason H. Moore
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