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Vehicle routing problems (VRPs) form a class of combinatorial problems with wide practical applications. While previous heuristic or learning-based works achieve decent solutions on small problem instances of up to 100 cities, their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Sirui Li , Zhongxia Yan , Cathy Wu

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem is a well-known NP-hard problem that poses the challenge of finding the optimal route of a vehicle delivering products to multiple locations. Recently, new efforts have emerged to create constructive…

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly prevalent nowadays, with studies highlighting their potential as mobile energy storage systems to provide grid support. Realising this potential requires effective charging coordination,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-22 Jun Kang Yap , Vishnu Monn Baskaran , Wen Shan Tan , Ze Yang Ding , Hao Wang , David L. Dowe

The Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) is a fundamental challenge in logistics management research, given its substantial influence on transportation efficiency, cost minimization, and service quality. As a combinatorial optimization problem,…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Souad Abdoune , Menouar Boulif

Exploring machine learning techniques for addressing vehicle routing problems has attracted considerable research attention. To achieve decent and efficient solutions, existing deep models for vehicle routing problems are typically trained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jingwen Li , Zhiguang Cao , Yaoxin Wu , Tang Liu

This paper provides a systematic overview of machine learning methods applied to solve NP-hard Vehicle Routing Problems (VRPs). Recently, there has been a great interest from both machine learning and operations research communities to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Aigerim Bogyrbayeva , Meraryslan Meraliyev , Taukekhan Mustakhov , Bissenbay Dauletbayev

Order Picker Routing is a critical issue in Warehouse Operations Management. Due to the complexity of the problem and the need for quick solutions, suboptimal algorithms are frequently employed in practice. However, Reinforcement Learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 George Dunn , Hadi Charkhgard , Ali Eshragh , Sasan Mahmoudinazlou , Elizabeth Stojanovski

Recently, there is an emerging trend to apply deep reinforcement learning to solve the vehicle routing problem (VRP), where a learnt policy governs the selection of next node for visiting. However, existing methods could not handle well the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Jingwen Li , Liang Xin , Zhiguang Cao , Andrew Lim , Wen Song , Jie Zhang

The traveling salesman problem is a fundamental combinatorial optimization problem with strong exact algorithms. However, as problems scale up, these exact algorithms fail to provide a solution in a reasonable time. To resolve this, current…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Yong Liang Goh , Wee Sun Lee , Xavier Bresson , Thomas Laurent , Nicholas Lim

This paper develops an inherently parallelised, fast, approximate learning-based solution to the generic class of Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problems with Time Windows and Dynamic Routing (CVRP-TWDR). Considering vehicles in a fleet as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Nazneen N Sultana , Vinita Baniwal , Ansuma Basumatary , Piyush Mittal , Supratim Ghosh , Harshad Khadilkar

This study presents an in-depth computational analysis of four well-known Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) formulations with polynomial number of subtour elimination constraints: a node-based formulation and three arc-based…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-10-02 Deniz Aksen , Temel Oncan , Mir Ehsan Hesam Sadati

The application of learning based methods to vehicle routing problems has emerged as a pivotal area of research in combinatorial optimization. These problems are characterized by vast solution spaces and intricate constraints, making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Zhenwei Wang , Ruibin Bai , Tiehua Zhang

This study addresses a gap in the utilization of Reinforcement Learning (RL) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques in solving the Stochastic Vehicle Routing Problem (SVRP) that involves the challenging task of optimizing vehicle routes under…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Zangir Iklassov , Ikboljon Sobirov , Ruben Solozabal , Martin Takac

Vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a typical discrete combinatorial optimization problem, and many models and algorithms have been proposed to solve the VRP and its variants. Although existing approaches have contributed a lot to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Bingjie Li , Guohua Wu , Yongming He , Mingfeng Fan , Witold Pedrycz

In this paper we present a new approach to tackle complex routing problems with an improved state representation that utilizes the model complexity better than previous methods. We enable this by training from temporal differences.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-27 Ahmad Bdeir , Simon Boeder , Tim Dernedde , Kirill Tkachuk , Jonas K. Falkner , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

Vehicle routing problems (VRPs) constitute a core optimization challenge in modern logistics and supply chain management. The recent neural combinatorial optimization (NCO) has demonstrated superior efficiency over some traditional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Xiangchi Meng , Jianan Zhou , Jie Gao , Yifan Lu , Yaoxin Wu , Gonglin Yuan , Yaqing Hou

Existing neural heuristics often train a deep architecture from scratch for each specific vehicle routing problem (VRP), ignoring the transferable knowledge across different VRP variants. This paper proposes the cross-problem learning to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Zhuoyi Lin , Yaoxin Wu , Bangjian Zhou , Zhiguang Cao , Wen Song , Yingqian Zhang , Senthilnath Jayavelu

A key challenge in solving a combinatorial optimization problem is how to guide the agent (i.e., solver) to efficiently explore the enormous search space. Conventional approaches often rely on enumeration (e.g., exhaustive, random, or tabu…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Xingwen Zhang , Shuang Yang

The electric vehicle routing problem with time windows (EVRPTW) is a complex optimization problem in sustainable logistics, where routing decisions must minimize total travel distance, fleet size, and battery usage while satisfying strict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Mertcan Daysalilar , Fuat Uyguroglu , Gabriel Nicolosi , Adam Meyers

We investigate a structural decomposition for the capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) based on vehicle-to-customer "assignment" and visits "sequencing" decision variables. We show that an heuristic search focused on assignment…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-03-19 Túlio A. M. Toffolo , Thibaut Vidal , Tony Wauters